Industrial Economic Research Paper

Qustion1 Identify and explain the market structure in which the company is operating Pos Malaysia Market structure * Monopoly firm Introduction (Pos Malaysia) Pos Malaysia Berhad is Malaysia’s premier physical communications provider. Pos Malaysia also has a widespread network of 701 post offices all over the country, in addition to its network of mini post offices, mobile post offices, postal agents and stamp agents, making it one of the most extensive retail networks in Malaysia.Pos Malaysia’s Strategic Business Units that aim to provide quality, reliable, timely and innovative solutions to its customers, are made up of PosMel (mail and postal services), PosLaju (courier and express mail services), and PosNiaga (retail business services). Pos Malaysia also acts as a counter collection and payment agency for a range of financial transactions, such as bill payments, remittance, insurance and unit trusts. Pos Malaysia consists of 3 Main Core Business Units: Pos Mel ,Pos Laju and Pos Niaga. Poslaju or EMS service caters to all segments of the business community and the general public.There are 37 Poslaju Centres nationwide offer all types of courier services. Besides Mail and Express servicer. Poslaju or EMS service caters to all segments of the business community and the general public. Type of courier services Inbound Logistics * Customs Clearance, Import permit documentation, Transportation, Warehousing, Distribution channel/break bulk, Proof of delivery, Track and trace. Outbound Logistics * Customs clearance ,Export documentation ,Transportations ,Warehousing ,Distribution channel/break bulk ,Proof of delivery ,Track and trace Monopoly market structure (Pos Malaysia)Government protection Pos Malaysia Berhad is a Malaysian postal service company that was privatized in 1992 from a government department into a business corporation. Government also protects and helps pos Malaysia if that firm has shortage cost and losses. was attributed to the pos Malaysia is the first company established to provide these services and the company has long operated, known by society and high cost in the provision of post Malaysia. Society loyalty The society in Malaysia has known about brand of pos Malaysia and the society also has familiar to uses pos Malaysia as services of mail.The public will be more confident in such a service as Pos Malaysia is an agency under the ministry and the government is indirectly involved in ensuring the security of the items kept here. Maximize profit A monopoly market exists when there is huge number of buyers but small or very limited number of sellers in the market. Monopoly is the only supplier of a product for which there is no close substitute. In monopoly market, the firm has get a maximize profit, if the manager has have good skill and knowledge to manages that company.For example, pos Malaysia have a good manages, and that means this company can get a height profit. In monopoly market, pos Malaysia can set its own price and the prices chosen affects the quantity it sells. Pos Malaysia is the only licensed mail services provider in Malaysia and is the leader in the Malaysia Courier Services. Pos Malaysia posted a net profit of RM 61 million for the nine months ended September 2004 – an increase of more than 40 per cent from the corresponding period in the previous year.It is projected to earn a net profit of close to RM100 million this year based on existing postal rates. Power of set prices In monopoly market, pos Malaysia can put the price of the service with a high rate to the profit of the community to obtain greater. This can be carried out in the market as pos Malaysia is the only domestic postal mail offered in Malaysia Advantages in monopoly Stability of prices * In a monopoly market the prices are most of the times stable. This happens because there is only one firm involved in the market that sets the prices if and when it feels like.In other types of market struc tures prices are not stable and tend to be elastic as a result of the competition that exists but this isn’t the case in a monopoly market as there is little or no competition at all. Source of revenue for the government * The government gets revenue in form of taxation from monopoly firms. Massive profits * Due to the absence of competitors which leads to high number of sales monopoly firms tend to receive super profits from their operations.The massive profits realized may be used in such things as launching other products, carrying out research and development among many other things that may be beneficial to the firm. Question 2 Comment if there are barriers to entry Definition Barriers to entry are designed to block potential entrants from entering a market profitably. They seek to protect the monopoly power of existing (incumbent) firms in an industry and therefore maintain supernormal (monopoly) profits in the long run.Barriers to entry have the effect of making a mark et less contestable. Defined an entry barrier as â€Å"A cost of producing (at some or every rate of output) which must be borne by a firm which seeks to enter an industry but is not borne by firms already in the industry. Barriers to entry in( pos Malaysia). In pos Malaysia, there are barriers to entry. Among them are: Advertising and marketing * Developing consumer loyalty by establishing branded products can make successful entry into the market by new firms much more expensive. Cost Advantages Lower Costs; through experience of Being in the market for missing time, allows the existing postal company Malaysia’s to cut price and win price wars if another firm enter the market. Absolute cost advantages * Allows an incumbent firm to earn excess profits without feat of new firm entering the market. for example in the market, pos Malaysia price of the service is able to offer a cheaper service player medals RM7 per unit, but other companies likes DHL and FedEx only able to off er prices as low as RM 12 mail service. so its pos Malaysia cans set PRICES at rm10.Which is are more chipper, than the more customer use pos Malaysia services and also get a highest profit. Government Restrictions * Government is the source of barriers to entry that are created by patents and copyrights. But these are not the only barriers to entry enabled by government. Government is, after all, the entity that establishes the rules of the game. Governments frequently erect barriers to entry by legally limiting the number of participants in a market. Legal restrictions for public utilities are usually designed to make the most effective use of natural monopoly markets that can create serious inefficiency problems.Other legal restrictions, such as licenses or charters, are generally intended to pursue other goals, but create barriers to entry nonetheless. For example, pos mel only provided by pos Malaysia. Although there are big rivals like FedEx and DHL outside, but pos Malaysia o ffer cheaper prices. First mover advantages * The first firm to enter incurs lower marketing costs because it faces no rivals. Later firm face higher marketing costs because they must compete against the first firm. If the presence of the incumbent raises the marketing costs of the second firm to enter, then the first firm has permanent advantages and can maintain high prices

The Search for Three Truths in the United States

With the dream of liberty and the pursuit of happiness my family has immigrated halfway around the world, from Vietnam to America. My parents fled to the United States, not for them but for the unending opportunities for their children. My parents have sacrificed their whole live for their children to have freedom and a bright future, regardless of any difficulties. My parent†s sacrifices are the motivation that pushed me to higher level of education because I acknowledge the amount of pain my family underwent by coming to the United States by extracting the maximum amount of knowledge in my undergraduate studies. I felt overwhelmed when I left Vietnam for the United States because not only did I have to learn a new language, I needed to learn a new philosophy, one completely the opposite of what the communist had taught me. It wasn†t that hard to forget the corrupt philosophy and learn a new philosophy, but it takes time to learn a new language, especially during childhood. It was very difficult for a child to keep his native language and to learn a second language and expect him to fluent in both languages. So I struggled with the English language throughout my elementary and middle school, but I knew if I put effort into studying, eventually I would be able to overcome my language difficulties. I worked assiduously throughout my high school career and received almost straight A†s in Honors and AP classes. While I may not have had much opportunity for advancement or education in Vietnam, in the U.S I placed my education and future as my ambition. My family fled to the United States with a dream to search for three truths: life, liberty, and happiness. We are very fortunate to find these â€Å"truths†, however, along the way there were many hardships, difficulties and asperities. I am glad that these difficulties have occurred to my life because it made me a stronger person, a dedicated student, and person that has the capability of tacking problems to matter how great.

Comitatus & Chivalry

Comitatus and Chivalry are two concepts that resounded all throughout the Medieval Ages. However, while the two are closely related, there is a clear difference between them. Between the two, Chivalry is perhaps more recognized, but not necessarily more widely-practiced. Bennett in his book, Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare, traces the origin of Comitatus to reign of Emperor Diocletian where Germanic and Roman commanders were assigned a comitatus, soldiers who held â€Å"direct allegiance to their individual commander, rather than to the army as a whole.(2001, 81)The term later on evolved to describe the dynamics that exists between a warrior and his Lord. Comitatus holds that while both are still in the battlefield, actively fighting, neither lord nor warrior can leave the scene of battle for any reason. Both entered the battle, and both should leave at the same time. This may be where the â€Å"leave no man behind† phrase comes from. This agreement that exists betwe en Germanic Lords and his subordinates is believed to have given rise to the feudal system, where the serfs owed loyalty to their feudal lord.Some scholars maintain that there is no break between the original comitatus of the Roman Empire and the vassals of the Middle Ages (Powicke, 1949, 92) Chivalry describes the virtues practiced by the knights of the Middle Ages. It is hard to place a specific definition to chivalry, but it is a moral and social code which advocated honor, courage, and respect. When we talk of chivalry, we conjure images of a knight in shining armor, ready and able to rescue us from our dire circumstances (Frantzen, 204, 1)Comitatus is a code that binds soldiers to their commanders, while chivalry is a code that binds men to the principles of honor and virtue, wherever they may be. While both concepts refer to relationships and values, comitatus is more about loyalty and courage in battle, while chivalry is more about loyalty and courage in all aspects of life. Chivalry presupposes comitatus, but comitatus does not necessarily mean chivalry.

Personal and Organization Ethics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Personal and Organization Ethics - Term Paper Example Values. These are the things that are valued by an organization or an individual. We possess these personal values in which we are either conscious or unconscious about them. Famous and successful people have personal values that had guided them in propelling up to the top. These are needed in coming up with a decision, judgment, and contemplating outcome. I should have known my personal values so that I can make a better choice. Commitment, competence, candor and courage are the values which will guide me to become a future manager. Vision Statement. Having personal vision/mission statement allows me to create a life that truly reflects who I am. This statement will propel the direction of my life and ultimately, to make decisions toward success. As human being, I have a purpose in life and this personal vision/mission statement will be the framework in creating my life a powerful one. It is one of the reasons why we exist though it changes rarely (Peterkin, n.d.). With this own vision, I can picture out my true identity in the future, who I want to be, what I want to do and what to feel which will be grounded by my present. My personal vision statement states like this: â€Å"I will become a manager in the organization I belong, helping transform it into an open organization among its members and take charge in succeeding difficult tasks.† Mission Statement. My personal vision will be manifested in my daily life through writing my own mission statement. The uniqueness of my identity and the person I want to be will be reflected in my personal mission statement. To succeed, the statement should be inspiring and project one self. This will be a step to get to my vision in becoming a future manage. My personal mission statement goes like this: â€Å"To value and live in manner that shows respect to those who surrounds me by fostering healthy relationships, taking charge and succeeding in difficult situations. Accordingly, I will do this by expressing

Psychology and operant conditioning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Psychology and operant conditioning - Essay Example These include variable ratio, fixed ratio, variable interval and fixed interval. For fixed ratio, reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses, while in variable ratio, the average number of responses may be pre-determined, but may not be followed on individual reinforcements. For fixed interval, reinforcement comes after a fixed period of time, while in variable interval, the average time is fixed but not necessarily followed on each individual reinforcement. Operant principles can be used to bring about more appropriate behavior. These principles can be used to define the development of behaviors that operate upon the environment in order to bring about behavioral consequences in such an environment. Operant principles lead to learning which occurs when an appropriate response is demonstrated following the occurrence of a particular behavior. Thus, learning more appropriate behavior is seen to occur when there has been a noticeable change in the behavior after the delivery of the relevant instructions to a learner. The principles of reinforcement and punishment involve positive punishment, positive reinforcement and operant conditioning. Punishment is usually applied in order to reduce the incidence of an undesirable behavior. In the concept of positive punishment, the term ‘positive’ might be confusing to some people, due to the fact that in common terms ‘positive’ means when something is good, or pleasant, or upbeat, or rewarding. The positive here is a technical terminology though, so it is meant as ‘started’ or ‘added’. It should be noted too that in this situation, it is not the individual that is being punished, but the behavior that is being tackled, in an attempt to be reduce or eliminate it. Positive Reinforcement is one of the easiest and most effective control tools. It involves the addition or starting of

Concept Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Concept Analysis - Research Paper Example These instructions provide patients with critical information on how to manage themselves in terms of medication, diet and which symptoms should prompt the patient to return back (Lee & Bokovoy, 2005). Issuing of discharge instructions to patients is a key requirement of health care facilities by the health accreditation institutions such as the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations-JCAHO (JCAHO, 2007). Despite holding to this requirement, it is widely reported that patients fail to comprehend or remember the discharge instructions. This is contributed by both parties: practitioners failing to elaborate clearly the instructions and patients failing to follow the instructions. This paper is a concept of comprehension that focuses on discharge instructions and how patient’s comprehension of these instructions affects their outcome. Concept of Comprehension on Discharge Instructions Discharge instructions refer to instructions given to patients upon discha rge from hospital. These instructions detail diagnostic information and measures to be taken. As noted by Forster et al. (2004) close to a quarter of patients discharged experienced adverse cases in a span of one month. These events were medication errors, orders/prescriptions filling, confusing discharge instructions, neglect of following unresolved cases and infections. Some of these effects were preventable whereas others called for further treatment probably half of the effects. Moreover, Forster et al asserted that a third of the events were linked with disability (Forster et al., 2004). According to Zavala et al. (2011) 78 percent of discharged patients from emergency department failed to fully comprehend the discharge instructions. However, 20 percent acknowledged they did not understand the discharge instructions. This was achieved from a study conducted in a healthcare facility in Virginia, Reston Hospital Center. This study focused to reach the discharged patients from the facility in order to get their understanding of discharge instructions and its effect. A fifth of the patients interviewed did not understand the discharge instructions based on the medicine described. Additional 9 patients reported worsened and continued symptoms where they were reminded to follow up treatment. A few patients reported their discomfort about the discharge instructions and some did not receive the discharge instructions (Zavala et al., 2011). Understanding as well as memorizing discharge instructions is very challenging. This is associated with several aspects such as discomfort and literacy levels. Relative to discomfort, patients and their surrogates are filled with various discomforts emotionally and physically. More specifically, patients and their surrogates are filled with excitement of leaving hospital. This carries away their attention and thus they are less concerned about the discharge instructions. Additionally, the busy hospital environment during discha rge also causes discomfort to the patient/patient surrogates and distracts their attention to discharge instruction. In such a situation, the busy physicians assume patients understand the instructions and to further complement this health brochures are given. Majority of patients obtain and understand little of these information from the health brochures. This creates great disparity between the reading and literacy level

Qualitative Assesment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Qualitative Assesment - Assignment Example Themes represent patterned responses from the data in relation to the research topic and mostly occur severally in the data set (Guest, 2012). This study aims at conducting a thematic analysis of qualitative data from in-depth interviews of passengers view on airport security of an international airline company and presents it for information generation and decision making by the management. All the passengers interviewed believed that the heightened security at the airports have increased delays at the airport. Passengers feel that the heightened measures aimed at augmenting security hamper their plans of boarding planes on time. This is despite three of the passengers blaming it on the security personnel and security measures done by the airports while one passenger blaming the passengers who lack cooperation and understanding of the security system at the airport for the delays experienced at the airports. It is evident that the main concern for all the passengers in relation to security measures at the airport is delays. Four of the five interviewees believe that there is excess security at the airports hindering and hampering the access to personal freedom rights and infringing on the passengers personal space. They feel that there is a need of the security personnel to reduce the chances of search of passengers luggage without permission and if his has to be done to be done in a humanly manner to ensure the passengers understand that the heightened security is for their personal good owing to high security concerns at the airport. Some of them believe that the full body scans could have excess radiation that may have a negative impact o their health raising the feeling of excessive security at airports. Three of the five passengers interviewed feel that there is an increase in the safety of the passengers due to the heightened security

Biology of Gender Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biology of Gender Identity - Essay Example In a study (Morgan and Stevens, 2008) the experiences of four FTM transsexuals with their mean age at 40.5 were studied. The subjects mentioned that they recognized they recognized themselves as males from early as they can remember. All the subjects experienced confusion regarding their gender identity and a sense of being born in the wrong body. All the four subjects expressed their strong identification with male gender and feeling of anger when others refused o recognize it. Puberty was another major point in their life when their sense of mind body dissonance exaggerated. One subject went as far as trying to bind the breasts with cloth and hoped to get rid of them using surgery. The subjects also found it hard to adopt the feminine attire and wanted to dress in male clothes. Their sexual relationships they all mentioned affection for the female gender and the idea that they were lesbians always sounded repugnant to them. The participants underwent transitional surgery later on in their life. The procedures they underwent included double mastectomy and plastic surgery, hysterectomy. They still felt a need for phallosplasty which they did not opt to go for because it is expensive and not well perfected surgery. The textbook mentions such subjects as male pseudohermaphrodites. One specific cause for this female physical development of genetic males mentioned in the book is the absence of an enzyme 17a hydroxysteroid, that led to non expression of male sexual characteristics and such children end up being grouped as feminine The textbook covers the biological basis of sexual differentiation and gives specific reason for the cause of pseudohermaphroditism. However it is lacking in in-depth analysis of such individuals. The journal article covers these issues however it fails to provide the biological factors that caused such

Assignment 6 - Create an Research Paper, Resume, Cover Letter Paper

Assignment 6 - Create an , Resume, Cover Letter - Research Paper Example In this discussion, therefore, anecdotes are discussed. These anecdotes have been empowered with anticipates and doubts out of all fraction to their actual effect. The thousand minute scale experiments that are occurring now and the transformational methods must be distinguished. It is particularly vital to talk about the hopes that people invest in distributed information technology (Unraveling the Effects of the Internet on Political Participation 175). Technology will bring utopian vision. Nevertheless professional disclosure about the internet gives a standard story about the way in which the internet is supposed to transform things, that is through â€Å"disintermediation†. An example case of disintermediation is Wal-Mart. Sam Walton comprehend that people will to force further to save money and the information technology can track and forecast inventories frequently and in details (Norris 34). The concept of disintermediation is essential to the social thoughts of many computer natives: it gives their theory of transforms in markets, business firms, political institutions, higher learning, and so on. The most significant example of disintermediation is the â€Å"delivering† of organizations that are said to have occurred at around 1990; this incident by directing to the communicative purpose of middle managers. They convey message up to the information upward and downward the ladder that computer networks are well outfitted to replace. The internet has a role in mobilization and coalition work. For instance in broadcasting a message to one’s coalition partners about an activity taking place in congress. Electronic mail makes it easier to agree on a unified message or draft a collective letter. 1Political mobilization is a basic element for understanding why some associates of the public contribute while others do no (Unraveling the

No title page not yet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

No title page not yet - Essay Example This advertisement makes attempts to persuade the viewer through its tone and inclusion of statistics. This advertisement is effective because of the tone displayed. The male narrator speaks with a positive and upbeat tone of voice, creating the illusion that he would be interested in a woman who uses this product. From his voice, it is likely that he is in his mid to late 20’s and is a man that every young woman aspires for. When introducing the product, the narrator uses such words as â€Å"ultra† and â€Å"formula.† The use of these words is designed to appeal to up-market women who have an education and perhaps earn significantly more than the average woman. By adding the word â€Å"formula† in there, it seems as thought the company has tested the product multiple times before settling on the one eventually introduced to the market. Words like â€Å"ultra† attempt to accentuate the word â€Å"lengthening,† which is the main purpose of the whole advertisement. Another reason why this advertisement is so convincing is through its use of statistics. The narrator claims that â€Å"lashes look up to 80% longer.† This would be appealing for any woman who felt that their lashes were too short. Also, included along the bottom of the screen is a claim that 93% of women agree that this product works. This once again tries to convey a message to the viewer that the product is trustworthy because it is accepted among everyday regular women. The narrator finally mentions that â€Å"9 out of 10 agree that lashes look remarkably long† through the use of this product. While this may seem convincing to a viewer who does not know the background of these claims, these figures needs more justification. For instance, of the 93% of women who agree that this product is beneficial, who were the 41 women surveyed? Are they qualified to give an opinion on the topic? Of course, in a 30-second advertisement it is impossible to accurately verify

Improving ones own performance Essay Example for Free

Improving ones own performance Essay Every fortnight on a Friday morning my line manager and I have a meeting to discuss my progress. This meeting is also for her feed back so she can see if there is anything I am struggling with, anything I need help with or I am not happy about. To the right is a picture of the scheduled meetings. This is on our Microsoft outlook account. The reason for this is so that if there are areas I am slipping with, for example my time keeping, we can discuss these issues comfortably and resolve them before they become an occurring issue. The need for these meetings is very important. They help monitor my progress by reflecting to my manager what I’ve been working on and how fast/slow I’ve been completing them. By doing these meetings it improves my performance by clearly showing my improvements giving me job satisfaction. I can also gain benefits from theses meetings too as I am improving my performance I may be more likely to be put forwards for a promotion because when my manager sees my hard work, she will inform the managing director and update him upon my progress. She gives me feedback on how I’ve been working and encourages me to do the same as without this I wouldn’t know what to improve or keep the same. Its adds value to my work as I am continuously improving, it also strengthens our relationship as I know what to do next time. During these meeting I have been asked to keep a record of achievement. I have also been asked to evaluate my own performance with a SWOT analysis every six months, so we can compare if there are any changes or areas of improvement. At times she suggest ways of possibly improving my work this helps me greatly as I may not have thought of the idea myself or even have tried it as I am not used to the method. It sometimes saves me a lot of time; this benefits my team and I as I can take on new tasks as I have spare time. Throughout my work I am constantly improving as I am learning new things all the time. As discussed by my manager and me, I have picked up a lot of important information just being in the office. When I am continuously learning it is helping me as when I learn something new I can apply it to situations, where needed. When I am enhancing my skills this helps me too as I know and understand more making my more aware. With my knowledge that has grown I will, in the future, apply it to other companies/organisations. This will benefit my career as I will know crucial information needed, not only to help me with an interview but help me secure another job. In my later life I would like to either study more business administration at university or possibly stay in the world of work and work my way up to become a manager in an office environment. At the end of my contract with Medilink I hope they would keep me on as I could grow my skills to adapt to learning about the other opportunities such as finance or even international work. Throughout my working life I use a PDP to show my achievement that aren’t actually a credited for. This adds great value to me as when I am going for an interview I can show this to my possible new employer. When Sarah and I have our fortnightly meeting I ask for feedback and on the occasion I write this down in my note book as I can reflect on it at a later date. This is because I won’t forget what she has said. I accept it with open arms as this will help me and is not said in a spiteful manor to upset me. It is constructive criticism, this is being assertive. If she wasn’t being assertive then it wouldn’t be good within our working environment. The benefit to this is that she can put her point across without sounding nasty and putting her point across in a respectful manor. I myself also have to be assertive too, for example if I get given a task and I have too much on I simply have say no as I would miss my deadline from taking over someone else job. I will offer an alternative if I can help as we work as a team and if I can save time for someone else I will. Plus when someone one is helping me and I do not agree with a certain way I voice my opinion and suggest to improve their performance, like when Tina was helping me with finding contacts on our database I suggested to sure the search bar rather than looking under the subheadings and finding them by trial and error. When having this meeting sometimes my manager, Sarah and I discus targets for when work needs to be completed. The reason for this is so that I get used to deadlines and can work to realistic target as my input is as important in these discussions as hers. It benefits me as I know I can structure myself to meet these target and they are within my reach. For example: I was given a task to go through the international managers, charlottes, mailing list in correspond to the members list, and our data base to update all three and ensure they are all up to date. We decided because there was 217 contacts on charlottes list that I would be given 22 working days to complete as this allows me to complete 10 a day so I could pick it up and put down the task in hand here and there amongst other tasks. With these discussions about targets we also discus the quality of my work. I set high standards as there are always room for improvements and if I am constantly aiming for the highest possible standard then overtime I should up the bar of my skills. This resulting in be being more knowledgeable. During day to day work there are setbacks that I may come across to overcome these and move forwards I first must accept these otherwise I can’t overcome them. When dealing with them there is one major benefit, it makes me a stronger worker as I know how to tackle them if they occur in the future. Everyday at work there are new challenges and the reason why I adapt the taking them on is because it will be a learning curve and will benefit my future. By adapting to change I grow my personality and move with the time, I am constantly growing my knowledge base and understanding what I need to take in. Treating others with respect honesty and consideration add to the business environment it ensure that the atmosphere we working in is enjoyable. When it is comfortable it promotes more effective working. When helping and supporting others at work, it saves them time as they don’t need to look for the answers and it add to the relationship within the working environment. To do this it is useful and very helpful. To show my targets in order of priority for my own work; is attached a sheet, listed in a random order but there is a coloured key to follow on the back. As you can see I have highlighted them corresponding to the coloured priority. In one of our meetings with Sarah I renegotiated the dead line of the previously mentioned task, the mailing list for Charlotte, in conjunction with the members list and our database. The reason for this was because we had a lot on for the awards event and I slipped behind due to bad time management therefore not being able to complete my task. On a weekly basis I like to achieve the highest possible outcome I can, to do this I set myself high standards. Such as: exceeding my targets. When helping Paul with his signs I completed them up to a brilliant aesthetic look and before my deadline. I laminated each one and got them all ready before he needed them. I was so committed that I stayed behind on one of the days to finish them off before my deadline. This demonstrated my passion for my work. I use my own needs to complete a task and it is my own right to use my own time during work to finish what I have been given. Like last week for example, I used my time during work to start a task I have been given by one of our members of the PR team, Martin. I treat all of my colleagues with respect, as I speak to them all with the right tone. Like in our weekly team briefing, I talk with politeness and do not use harsh tones.

Crime Fiction Notes Essay Example for Free

Crime Fiction Notes Essay Study: read over your essay and familiarise yourself with your wording have discussions Figure out the arguments in your head practise exams don’t just Know the material REALLY UNDERSTAND it The Big Sleep Observation: conventions that are constant throughout generations of crime fiction genre (passion, detachment, love, hope, justice) are a reflection on the timeless and universal human needs conventions that are subverted are a reflection of changing values and context Context: 1950’s post WW2 Economic depression Desire for hope, justice, escapism Theorists: Schwartz: â€Å"crime fiction serves to explicate the dangers and pleasures of life. † There is human emotion with which the audience can empathise Gives the illusion that they have entered the world of crime Miller: â€Å"A rhetorically sound definition of genre must be centred not on the substance or form of discourse, but on the action it is used to accomplish,† manipulate audiences empathy to engage them in the text typical of TRADITIONAL crime fiction GENRE Techniques: (Remember these techniques interchangeably and only use the appropriate ones) Context specific 1. Subvert Context: Desire for hope Convention: film noir subgenre traditionally seek to realistically portray the inescapable broken nature of society – subverted – Happy Ending Observation Theorist: Imperative of genre to allow for subversion to become relevant to socio-economic or political context Chandler, â€Å"the cycles and transformations of genre can be seen as a response to the changing political, social and economic conditions† 2. Context: socio-economic context of 1940’s World War 2 America midst of an economic depression employment was low and consequently crime was on the rise yearning for justice and heroism to correct the broken nature of society Convention: Characterisation of Marlowe as determined and relentless Ironic and self-depreciating dialogue â€Å"I’m just a guy whose paid to do other peoples laundry† embodies disposition of lone ranger Heroic connotations, â€Å"why did you have to keep going?†, â€Å"too many people told me to stop.† Observation and Theorist: Crime fiction gives the audience what it NEEDS 3. Context: 1950’s audience can critique broken society and judge morality of characters Convention: Conforms to traditional structure of c/f: red herrings, witnesses, investigation, unveiling of mystery Lack of narration; no point of view; audience critique characters E.G. Marlowe, womanizer, heavy drinker, blatant disrespect for authority and the law, â€Å"I don’t know what I am going to tell them- but it will be pretty close to the truth† retain a degree of morality, reproach toward reprehensible behaviour, â€Å"my, my, my, so many guns for so few brains.† Reflects ambivalent noir concept that everything good is tainted with evil Observation and theorist: Convoluted plotline makes the audience â€Å"objective viewer† Critique the broken society and the morality of characters Livingston, â€Å"different genres are concerned with different world views†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Universal 1. Conform Context: common timeless human desires transcend context and audience and hence are constant throughout generations of crime fiction Convention: human fascination with romantic love interest foregrounded interaction between ‘hardboiled detective’ Marlowe and ‘femme fatal’ Vivien Rutledge Verbal sparring soaked in double-entendres indicative of sexual tension; â€Å"do you always think you can handle people like trained seals?† â€Å"uh-huh and I usually get away with it too† Theorist: Colette, â€Å"romance pervades oral and written story-telling as far back as can be traced† Anil’s Ghost Observations 1. Post-colonial text; exposure to different culture; challenges Western perspective of crime fiction genre Barthes, â€Å"it is in relation to other texts within a genre rather then in relation to lived experiences that we make sense of certain events within a text.† Cohen, â€Å"Genres are open categories. Each member alters the genre by adding, contradicting or changing constituents, especially those members most closely related to it.† 2. Challenges not only our understanding of the genre, but also our perception of the world around us Berger: â€Å"Never again will a single story be told as though it were only the one†. 3. Crime fiction can be a means of contextual political and philosophical discussion The subjectivity of truth Nihilism and post-modernism Techniques 1. Context: socio-political context 1980’s Sri Lanka multifaceted civil war unimaginable for a western audience – but can relate to universal themes Convention: Mystery as a medium for Anil’s quest for her identity Ambiguous characterisation forces reader to share in her frustration and confusion Refuses to be defined or typecast, religious allusion, â€Å"The return of the prodigal†, â€Å"I am not a prodigal† Symbolised through an aggressive campaign to chose her own name Observation and theorist: international audience relate to a common quest multifaceted nature of identity Ambiguity and struggle within an individual, reflective of wider post modern society 2. Observation, context and theorist: Fister; â€Å"crime fiction deliberately exploits anxiety within the reader through reflecting and magnifying societies fear du jour.† Terror of those living within civil war Convention: explored through specific victims, personalise pain; agonising imagery Gunesena’s crucifixion, â€Å"prized the nails from the tarmac, freeing his hands† fear impregnates every facet of society; personification of Sri Lankan national fear through simile used to warn against the dangers of truth, â€Å"truth is like a flame against a lake of petrol† 3. Observation: aware of the horrendous acts of violence but absent from the actual event never presume to understand the degree of suffering novel seeks to extrapolate sympathy NOT empathy Convention: Subversion: post-modern style, not one single perspective, intrusive narration to explore a variety of characters perspectives. (Berger: â€Å"Never again will a single story be told as though it were only the one†.) Foregrounds the differences; â€Å"the darkest Greek tragedies were innocent compared to what was happening here† compares European mythology with Eastern reality, highlights vast discrepancies between crime fiction Theorist: Texts challenge audience’s worldly perceptions; Cole: â€Å"This can function as a form of social protest and reform†¦ giving crime writers the status symbol of social activists.† More on VALUES

What Is Green Diesel Environmental Sciences Essay

What Is Green Diesel Environmental Sciences Essay Green Diesel, often called renewable diesel or second generation diesel, refers to petrodiesel-like fuels derived from biological sources fuels derived from biological resources (bio-resources) that are chemically not esters and thus distinct from biodiesel. The green diesel is chemically same as petrodiesel but it is made from bio-resources. Bio-resources refers to the living things (plants, animals, and others aspects of nature). It is important to society for the various services they provide, as well as problems they may create. Biological resources are grouped into those that affect agriculture, such as cultivated plants, pollinators, and pests those that are sources of scientific inputs, such as agricultural plant varieties that provide genetic resources and those that provide natural goods and services, such as wildlife, fish, and scenic beauty. Traditional measures of agricultural productivity do not capture all the benefits of preserving biological resources on private lands . Because of this, private landowners may not have adequate incentives to consider the full range of goods and services produced by the biological resources under their control. Since green diesel is produced by bio-resources, thus it is the eco-friendly and sustainable sources of fuel for vehicles. Green diesel blends follow the same nomenclature as biodiesel. Green diesel in its pure form is designated R100 while a blend comprised of 20% green diesel and 80% petrodiesel is called R20. Because green diesel is chemically the same as petrodiesel, it can be mixed with petrodiesel in any proportion but users may need to add an additive to address lubricity issue associated with compounds with no oxygen. The characteristic of green diesel compared with other fuel are shown below: Biodiesel Diesel Oxygen, % 0 11 0 Specific gravity 0.78 0.88 0.84 Sulphur, ppm Heating value, à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C 44 38 43 Cloud point, à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C -20 to 20 -5 to 15 -5 Cetane 70-90 50-65 40 Table 1.1(1) : Characteristics of Green Diesel compared with other fuel. Green diesel can be made from the same feedstock as biodiesel since both are required the tricylglycerol containing material from bio-resources. Figure 1.1(1) : Brief Renewable Fuel Creation Process Pathway However the terms green diesels have been further distinguished based on the processing method to create the fuel. The primary differences between green diesel and biodiesel are the technologies used to make the fuel and the molecules that are ultimately produced. Whereas, biodiesel is made using a chemical reaction called transesterfication. There are three different processes for creating green diesel, hydrotreating, thermal depolymerisztion, and biomass-to-liquid (BTL). Green diesel blends follow the same nomenclature as biodiesel. Green diesel in its pure form is designated R100 while a blend comprised of 20% green diesel and 80% petrodiesel is called R20. Because green diesel is chemically the same as petrodiesel, it can be mixed with petrodiesel in any proportion but users may need to add an additive to address lubricity issue associated with compounds with no oxygen. The differences between green diesel and biodiesel are shown below: Green Diesel Biodiesel Pure hydrocarbon Oxygenated hydrocarbon Production process: Hydrotreating Thermal depolymerisation Biomass-to liquid (BTL) Production process: Tranesterfication Chemically same with petrodiesel Chemically different than petrodiesel. Table 1.1(2): Comparison of Green Diesel and Bio-diesel The hydrotreating process is a process utilized by petroleum refineries today to remove contaminants such as sulphur, nitrogen, condensed ring aromatics, or metals. 1.1.2 Importance of Green Diesel from Malaysia Chemical Industry Point of View Diesel oil has good commercial value as it serve many purposes. It has many functions as below: To move the heavy road vehicles such as buses, lorries and trucks. To move motors and cars For overland shipping To move military vehicles, such as tanks Can be used in the water transportation as an alternative energy sources to move engines such as in the ships, boats and yacht As electricity backup energy sources Power generation Construction and farming equipment Removal of tar from bitumen burns They derived the diesel from crude oil, which is called petrodiesel. With sharply rising use of non-renewable feedstock (crude oil) to derive diesel has a significant impact on the production of biofuels based on the conventional method. A projected future shortage of crude oil coupled with the growing worldwide demand for transportation fuels has raised the interest in the green diesel, which chemically has the same properties as the petrodiesel but with better cetane number, which mean reduce the emission of CO2 and NOx, emission, and thus brings significant improvement on greenhouse effect, global warming and pollutions. Figure 1.1(2): Current and Future Trend of Production for Petroleum For recent studies and development of technologies show that the production of green diesel can be competitive or cost less than petroleum fuels; yield more oil per hectare of land; sequester CO2 from the flue gases emitted from fossil fuel power plants or other resources; able to similar or even outstanding performance than petroleum fuels; improvement of cold flow properties so that it cause least problem to use during winter. The advantages of green diesel compared with others type of diesel can be summarised as below: Green diesel does appear to have many advantages over the other bio-based diesels. Some of these potential advantages are summarized below: The process utilizes existing refining operations thereby eliminating the need for the immense capital investment required in the United States to produce a significant amount of biodiesel capable of truly displacing significant amounts of petroleum diesel. The fuel is produced by refineries with a long track record of safely producing high grade products thereby eliminating the uncertainty of a fuel produced by a large number of independent producers with limited experience in fuels production. The producers can utilize existing transportation and storage capacity (pipelines, tankage, trucks, etc.) thus eliminating the need for establishing a separate system. It should be noted that due to the detergent character of biodiesel, it cannot be transported or stored in existing petroleum facilities. This industry places production of a fuel in the hands of companies with significant experience with the marketing and distribution of fuel products. The process utilizes a high portion of the lipids, such as the glycerin conversion to propane. Currently green diesel appears to have similar processing cost as biodiesel. The resulting fuel appears to have more stable fluid and burn properties at low temperatures Malaysia also has her own biofuel policy. The government has announced the introduction of a National Biofuel Policy on 10 August 2005. The policy is primarily aimed at reducing the countrys fuel import bill, promoting further the demand for palm oil which will be the primary commodity for biofuel production (alongside regular diesel). One of the four strategies in Malaysias National Biofuel Policy is to encourage the use of biofuel among the public, which will involve giving out incentives for oil retail companies to provide biodiesel pumps at stations [6]. From this policy, we can conclude that our country started to pay attention to biofuels. However, with the green diesel stands out to be having more advantages than bio-diesel, the forecast of green diesel in Malaysia would be off the bright one. With all the bio-resources readily available as feedstock in the production of green diesel, definitely green diesel will be one of the most potential alternative energies utilized in the land of Malaysia. 1.1.3 The World Green Diesel Production Plants Green diesel is a new breed of fats-and-oils based renewable diesel is now increasing its presence in the global biofuels market as major players stared up new production facilities this year. Efforts are being made all over the world to replace fossil fuel. We are belatedly realized that non-renewable energy is causing us serious problems and that is the main cause to develop more alternative energy resources. Green diesel can be produced either by hydrotreating process, BTL reaction or thermal depolymerization processes. Its chemical properties are identical to petroleum diesel as compared with bio-diesel. The demand of green diesel is so much interesting but also challenging. In Malaysia, the usage of green diesel is not much significant. But, recently, there is new renewable energy pilot plant being launched by Saham Utama Sdn. Bhd. in Sungai Batu Pahat near Kangar, Perlis. The diesel is made from solid waste plastic. This can reduce the amount of plastic wastes, thereby helping to combat the effect of global warming. They have claimed that the added features would be installed to transform plastic bottles into diesel fuel. The goal is to convert any domestic waste including organic waste and liquid into commercial fuels. The engineering method used could be thermal depolymerization which similar to cracking of crude oil. In Asia, the most nearest country which recently alert about these efforts is Singapore. In November 2010, Finland-based Neste Oil started the world largest renewable diesel plant in Singapore, with a total capacity of 725 760 tonnes per year. The diesel produced is known as NExBTL, a premium-quality product with complex production technology and also more expensive than bio-diesel. It is produced by hydrotreating of the feedstock. The byproducts of the process are bio-gasoline, biogas and water. The feedstock being used is palm oil. However, Neste Oils NExBTL can also use rapeseed oil and waste animal fat from food industry. This make the technology becomes more flexible due to availability of feedstocks in the future. Neste Oil also has an intensive research on new materials for future needs. In Europe, the renewable diesel is experiencing oversupply and Neste Oil exacerbate their plant at Rotterdam in 2011. The renewable plants also could be exacerbated rising fats and oil prices because of the feedstock demand including in US. Researchers claimed that the global renewable diesel capacity totals about 665 million gallon per year today and this will grow up to 2.5 billion gallon per year in 2015, a 33% annual growth. Below is the summary list of companies that produce green diesel (worldwide): Technology Feedstock Product Commercial Entity Commercial Status Outstanding Commercial Issues Hydrotreating Animal fats or vegetable oils co-processed with petroleum diesel Hydrocarbon mixture- meets ASTM D975 Conoco Philips/ Tyson Ireland refinery producing since Dec. 2006. US announced production of 175 million gals/year expected by 2009 EPA registration Toxicity and biodegradability Hydrocarbon mixture- meets national fuel quality standards in Australia BP Australian refinery producing 5% renewable blend Animal fats/ vegetable oils Hydrocarbon mixture- meets ASTM D975 Neste oil First plant in Finland with capacity of 58 million gals/year The largest plant available in Singapore with production of 0.8 million tons/year Also located in US and Netherlands EPA registration Toxicity and biodegradability Marketplace use Hydrocarbon mixture Petrobras (Brazil, H-Bio Technology) Begin at several refineries since end of 2007 Animal fats Hydrocarbon mixture Dynamic fuels (Syntroleum/Tyson) Commercial pilot started I n 2008 Production start in 2010 Standard development EPA registration Economics Life-cycle analysis Toxicity and biodegradability Vegetable oils UOP Technology Plant constructed in 2009 Production of 95 million gals/year Biomass-to-Liquid (BTL) via gasification or Fischer-Trophs Biomass Hydrocarbon mixture JV with Choren/ Daimler-Chrysler/VW Pilot plant opened in 2007 Production 0f 4.7 million gals/year Standard development EPA registration Economics Life-cycle analysis Toxicity and biodegradability Neste Oil/ Stora Enso Pre-commercialization Syntroleum Pyrolysis-Rapid Thermal Processing Biomass, municipal and industrial waste Hydrocarbon mixture In research stage In research stage Standard development EPA registration Economics Life-cycle analysis Toxicity and biodegradability Slaughterhouse waste (animal waste), carbon containing waste Hydrocarbon mixture- meets ASTM D396, can be refined to ASTM D975 Changing World Technologies Commercial pilot plant in Missouri Production of 250 000 gals/moles of slaughterhouse waste Marketplace use Table 1.1(3): Summary list of companies in worldwide that produce green diesel 1.1.4 Emerging Energy Demands for next 10 years Malaysia is currently in the midst of rapid development. One significant sign of rapid development is the increasing trending of energy demands in the future. Not only in Malaysia, the global energy landscape is changing tremendously, but most of it is showing an upward trend. Global energy demands will be about 30 percent higher in 2040 compared to 2010, as economic output more than doubles and prosperity expands across a world whose population will grow by more than 25 percent, reaching to nearly 9 billion people. [1] Global demand for the least carbon-intensive fuels natural gas, nuclear and renewables will rise at a faster-than-average rate. C:UsersDellDesktopDesignfuture trendCapture8.PNG Figure 1.1(3): Global energy demand increases by one-third from 2010 to 2035, with China and India accounting for 50 percent of the growth in the New Policies Scenario [2] In the above graph, the main growth of energy demands more significant in China and Asia due to the increasing population and fast-paced development of the countries. Malaysia falls under the category of Other developing Asia. Similarly it also shows an incline trend due to the rapid development of industrial and economic activities in Malaysia. In order to cope with the high rising of energy, various energy policies and plan were carried out by the government. Go Green is one of the most popular concept practice in the world wide, and the term renewable and sustainable is now related to oil and gas by having renewable diesel (green diesel). Many countries in the world often started on the production of green diesel using various types of technologies such as hydro-treating or thermal depolymerisation. C:UsersDellDesktopCapture.PNG Figure 1.1(4): United State production of petroleum and other liquids by source, 2010-2035 (millions barrels per day) [3] By referring to the graph above, the total production of petroleum and other liquids grows rapidly, from 9.7 million barrels per day in 2010 to 12.1 million barrels per day in 2020. Focusing on renewable sources, prediction shows that the biofuel productions grows by 0.8 million barrels per day from 2010 to 2035 as a result of the EISA2007 RFS (Renewable Fuel Standard Program), with ethanol and biodiesel accounting for 0.7 and 0.1 billion barrels per day, respectively, of the increase in the Reference case. [3] In addition, incline trending of next-generation xTL production (including both biomass-to-liquids and CTL) contributes greatly to the growth in total production of petroleum and other liquids in U.S., especially significant after the year 2020. The significant growth of BTL reflects a good potential in the future market, and yet it is a convincing and promising source of renewable diesel. Not only on the growing capacity of green diesel production giving hopes to mankind, the continuous researches done by scientists also bring upon the increasing quality of green diesel. Before that, economic crisis and technological hurdles delay the start of numerous researches and projects on advanced biofuels, especially on cellulosic biofuel projects. However in the futures, it is expected that, EPA (Environment Protection Agency) will year-to-year evaluate the status of biofuel capacity and also revise on the production mandates for the following year. By the continuous efforts from researchers, it is foresee that BTL will reach the EISA2007 Renewable Fuel Standard after 2030. This providing a better quality or standard of green diesel produced. C:UsersDellDesktopCapture2.PNG Figure 1.1(5): EISA2007 Renewable Fuel Standard credits earned in selected years, 2010-2035 (billion credits) [3] However in Malaysia, a sad scenario is that the production of green diesel still in an infant stage. Researches and developments in experimental scales had been carried out so far, but still the production in large industrial scale is still underdeveloped. By taking reference of the forecast on oil and gas field in U.S., rough estimation on the future hope of green diesel production in Malaysia for the next 10 years can be done. The potential of green diesel in the future 10 years of view in Malaysia is consider as a bright one, and to be believed that it will slowly increasing in demands over the next 10 years. Green diesel production in Malaysia is what we are looking for in the future. Scientists and fuel specialists optimistically believe that green or renewable diesel will be one of the future trends in oil and gas production, not only in Malaysia but also in the nationwide. 1.2 PROCESS ALTERNATIVE Green diesel is being highly looked up to as one of the great hope, with its similar chemical properties similar to diesel. New ways and technologies for improvement in green diesel production are improved as time go by. Of these, three processes of green diesel production will be suggested and discussed from different aspects. 1.2.1 Production of green diesel via biomass to liquid technology and Fisher-Tropsch Process One of the alternative processes is to produce green diesel is by using Fischer-Tropsch process. It is basically a patent to produce liquid hydrocarbons from mixture of syngas, carbon monoxide gas and hydrogen using metal and cobalt catalysts. The liquid hydrocarbon mentioned here is referred to the paraffin. Normally right before the Fischer-Tropsch process is a series of gasification process of feedstock, to convert the biomass into the biogas that can be utilized to become liquid hydrocarbons, the green diesel. Let us take a look at the gasification of biomass to syngas. The biomass may undergo low temperature gasification (800 1000  °C) to produce product gas which later on converted to bio-syngas through reforming and tar cracking steps. On the other hand, the product gas (CO, H2, CH4, CxHy) may be used to generate electricity. When the organic material inside the biomass burned, it may undergo complete combustion to produce carbon dioxide and water, or it may undergo partial combustion to carbon monoxide and hydrogen. What we need for the feeds of the Fischer-Tropsch process is the carbon monoxide and hydrogen and it can be achieved by control the amount of oxygen during combustion process (gasification). Several reactions are used to control the H2/CO ratio. Most important one is water gas shift reactions, in which the water is reacted with carbon monoxide to produce sources of hydrogen that needed in the Fischer-Tropsch process. The chemical reaction of the Fischer-Tropsch process i s shown as below: http://www.fischer-tropsch.org/primary_documents/presentations/acs2001_chicago/slide03.gif Figure 1.2(1): Fischer-Tropsch Process [1] For the Fischer-Tropsch Reaction, it is normally operated with temperature range of 150 300 °C. Higher temperature will have high rate of conversion but also lead to the production of methane. Thus, the temperature is always maintained at low to middle temperature in order to remain yield of the green diesel. On the other hand, the pressure of the process is ranging from one to several tens atmospheric pressure. Higher pressure will help the reaction faster but also required more costs of operations such as high pressure equipment. We also need to know that too high pressure also can cause the metal or cobalt catalysts that used in the reaction to deactivate due to coke formation. A variety of catalysts can be used for the process such as iron, ruthenium and cobalt, depending on the aims of the operations. Figure 1.2(2): A simple concept on Fischer-Tropsch Reaction Green Chemistry and Sustainability In term of green chemistry, the use of renewable feedstock such as biomass is a sustainable way to overcome the depletion of crude oil. Biomass can be easily obtained from animal fats, agricultural wastes, soybean, woods, etc. The green diesel produced is ultralow sulfur content and the properties of the green diesel produced is very chemically similar with petrodiesel but better than it. The emission of the hazardous pollutant such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide is also 60-70% lesser. Besides that, the product off-gas produced from the process can be used in two ways; 1) addition recovery process to recover the chemicals from the byproducts and export them to other company, or 2) generate electricity which is sufficient to supply for some operations in within the plants. Environmental Impact Fischer-Tropsch process basically produces ultra clean green diesel which help in reduce the environmental issue such as global warming, greenhouse effect by reduce the emission of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide. It seems to be a great potential of alternatives to the non-renewable energy resources, the crude oil. The side products here are actually light products and also heavy products like waxes which also have high market demand and can be exported out along with the green diesel. Flexibility of Operation The production line is actually not only produce green diesel but also heavy products like waxes and also gasoline. By adjusting the operation condition, we may adjust the need to favor the production of desired products There are two favored reactor types which can be chosen depends on the operator; Multitubular fixed bed reactor with internal cooling and also slurry bubble column reactor with internal cooling tubes. The process not only limited to the oil as feedstock but also may use the renewable feedstock such as biomass and animal fats. Energy Consumption The energy consumption of this technology is mostly depends on the gasification process whereby it consumed 60-70% of the energy of the whole plant. For high temperature mode (HTFT), the operating temperature is between 300 and 350 °C while operating pressure can be ranging from one to several tens of atmospheric pressure. On the other hand, for low temperature mode (LTFT), the operating temperature is between 200 and 240  °C with operating pressure of 1 to 10atm. Advantages No nitrogenous, sulfur compounds formed during the reaction High cetane number can be obtained (75 90% higher than that required for petrochemical derived diesel fuel) Carbon neutral process Products off-gas can be used to generate electricity which enough for the operation of the plant. Disadvantages FT process is very complex in its reaction mechanism and several studies need to be carry out to maximize the productivity of green diesel from the process Large number of species involved in the reaction and extra care is needed in the plant design The present catalyst is not good enough to maximize the yield of the green diesel Extra process needed to convert the waxes formed from the FT process into green diesel (which mean extra cost!) The cost of green diesel produced from the process may be more expensive than the diesel produced from the crude oil Table 1.2 (1): Key Components of Fischer-Tropsch Reaction 1.2.2 Production of green diesel via Thermal Depolymerisation Process Thermal depolymerisation (TDP) is an industrial process that able to break down and convert various type of biomass or other carbon-containing material into a bio-oil product that is then refined into a petrodiesel-like fuel. Thermal depolymerisation involves a depolymerisation process using hydrous pyrolysis for the reduction of complex organic materials (usually waste products of various sorts, often biomass and plastic) into light crude oil. The process is found to be similar to the natural geological processes thought to be involved in the production of fossil fuels. Long chain polymers of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon decompose into short-chain petroleum hydrocarbons with a maximum length of around 18 carbons under the application of heat and pressure. [1] The list of TDP suitable feedstocks are extensive and flexible, including waste plastic, tires, wood pulp, medical waste, and rather unsavoury byproducts such as turkey offal and sewerage sludge. Changing World Technologies (CWT) are currently utilizing this method to process slaughterhouse waste and other carbon containing solid waste to create a fuel that can meet the standards of both ASTM D396 and ASTM D975. [2] c:usersdelldesktopdesigntdtcp.gif Figure 1.2(3): Thermal depolymerisation process to produce renewable diesel. In the method used by CWT, the water improves the heating process and contributes hydrogen to the reactions. The feedstock material is first break down into small chunks, and mixed with water (if it is dry). Then it is fed into a pressure vessel reaction chamber, heated to around 250  °C at constant volume (similar principal to a pressure cooker). Steam naturally raises the pressure to 4 MPa (near the point of saturated water) and is held for approximately 15 minutes to heat the mixture completely. After this, the pressure is rapidly released to flash off most of the water content in the feedstock, resulting a mixture of crude hydrocarbons and solid minerals. The minerals are later removed, and the hydrocarbons are channel to a second-stage reactor to heat up to 500  °C in order to further breaking down the longer hydrocarbon chains. The hydrocarbons are then sorted by fractional distillation, in a process similar to conventional oil refining. CWT claims that 15 to 20% of feedstock energy is used to provide energy for the plant. The remaining energy is available in the converted product. Working with turkey offal as the feedstock, the process proved to have yield efficiencies of approximately 85%; in other words, the energy contained in the end products of the process is 85% of the energy contained in the inputs to the process (most notably the energy content of the feedstock, but also including electricity for pumps and natural gas or woodgas for heating). The process breaks down almost all materials that are fed into it. TDP even efficiently breaks down many types of hazardous materials, such as poisons and difficult-to-destroy biological agents such as prions. The light hydrocarbons that are produced by TDP can be used fuel sources, filters and fertilizers. It can be used a s a substitute for coal and also in quelling the alarming rise of carbon dioxide concentration in the air. CO2 is one of the chief greenhouse gases that are responsible for global warming. Green Chemistry and Sustainability The best part of using thermal depolymerisation (TDP) is that, it can break down substances such as plastic which takes long time to decompose. By using TDP, renewable diesel can be produce from plastic, not only save up waste to be buried, but also getting useful green diesel out of unwanted waste. Methane in the feedstock is recovered and burned to heat the water, or burned in a combined heat and power plant to sell back electricity to the power grid Environmental Impact Emission of foul odors and unpleasant smell to the surrounding area of operating factory, causing nausea and uncomfortable feeling to resident nearby Flexibility of Operation Extensive and flexible choice of feedstocks (waste plastic, tires, wood pulp, medical waste, and unsavory byproducts such as turkey offal and sewerage sludge) Energy Consumption Require high energy consumption. High energy input requirements to produce green diesel made it not favorable among industry. Safety Factor and Waste Management Methane gas produce can be treated by burning to heat up water to produce electricity. The process not only cleans up wastes but also generate new sources of energy. Advantages Able to break down strong chemical bonds of organic poison, making huge benefits to ecosystem balance. Safely deal on heavy metals by converting them into stable oxides of their original ionized forms. Recycling the energy content of organic products while retaining the water content. (avoid drying while producing liquid fuel that separates from water in thermal depolymerisation, energy saving). The vast bulk of waste content can be utilized to produce green diesel. Not only make good use of all the non-bio-degradable waste but also help in producing useful oil. [3] The light hydrocarbons produced can be used fuel sources, filters and fertilizers. Disadvantages Only long molecular chains compound can be broken into shorter ones, so small molecules such as carbon dioxide or methane cannot be converted to oil If taking biomass as the feedstock, most of the biomass is already being used as animal feed or fertilizers and so are not really available in plenty for TDP High processing costs, low yield, impurity of yield, high energy input requirements making the process not feasible and viable for large scale production. Table 1.2(2): Key Components of Thermal Depolymerisation Reaction 1.2.3 Production of green diesel via Hydrotreating Process Production of renewable energy is expanding at rapid pace worldwide. This phenomenon gives increasing petroleum prices, government regulation and commitment in reducing greenhouse gases. In future, renewable dependent could be increasing as a new technology in producing high quality of renewable energy was invented. These new renewable diesel should be compatible to substitute conventional diesel for transportation. One of the available production processes of green diesel is hydrotreating

My Philosophy of Education Essay -- Teaching Education Teacher School

My Philosophy of Education My philosophy of education and my personal goals and theories about how students are empowered through their educational experience revolve around the student-centered, interactive approach to instruction and learning. My goal as an educator is to create a learner-focused environment that promotes the basic literacy skills - reading, writing, listening, speaking and thinking. Children are readers, writers, and thinkers who need language to question and understand. They become members of literate communities using language in real ways for real purposes. Through my own classroom research, I have learned to listen to children, to observe the multitude of ways in which they learn, and to examine the elements that encourage their growth. Each day must be devoted to writing, reading, and interacting with literature. Children learn to read by reading. They learn to write by writing. Listening to and talking about literature enhances both processes. Children learn to think, to question, to reflect on what they write, read, and listen to in a classroom that allots a significant amount of time to the interaction and practice of these skills. Children make choices as to what to read, what to write, and how to approach a task. These children who make their own decisions take ownership of their learning and are better able to make meaning within their world. Teacher responses play a critical part in this environment by asking questions to stimulate thinking, and children become adept at generating their own questions and seeking answers. Peers also learn to make enabling responses in a literate community. Children need and deserve these responses; as well as, they need to hear the ideas o... ...ncourages children to be able to use their learning skills of various disciplines and put to use these skills acquired. Also, it helps children in solving and resolving age appropriate challenges. In doing this, one hopes to instill confidence and foster the child?s ability to see how all aspects of education build up the learner equipping him/her with the necessary knowledge to more forth in education as well as life. I believe that a teacher should be able to wear many hats with success. We must address each student as an individual and adjust the method of teaching to accommodate the child?s capacity to learn. Building up the student and providing him/her with all the necessary skills of reading, writing, and problem solving will foster and stimulate further learning. The student will ultimately benefit as a productive learner and member of society.

The Campaign for Women’s Suffrage Essay -- American History

The Campaign for Women’s Suffrage The campaign developed at that time, as it was then the rights of women began to improve. Though women were still thought of as second-class citizens, during the 1870’s the women’s suffrage became a mass movement. Prior to 1870, there were laws that meant that women were unable to keep any of their earnings once they married. That also meant that all her possessions belonged to her husband as well. In 1870, the Married Women’s Property Act meant that women were allowed to keep  £200 of their earnings. Women such as Caroline Norton are what helped the campaign develop. After a court found that she was innocent of adultery, Caroline Norton’s husband left her and took their children, taking with him her inheritance. Because of the laws at that time, she had no real control over whether she was permitted to see her children, even when one of her sons died. She fought this, even though British law was against her as she was technically the property of her husband. She battled this until in 1873 the law was changed so that all women could see their children if they were divorced from their husband. It was because laws such as this were changed that others began to believe that it was possible to gain the women’s suffrage. Legal steps were then being taken to better the position of women, legal inequalities that faced women were beginning to then balance out. Another cause to why the women’s suffrage developed was because of economical reasons. In the late 1800’s, women were paid half, and sometimes less than half, what men were in the same jobs. For example, in the 1880s in domestic service,... ... people’s views on them, it was not the only factor that gave them the franchise. During the war, there was the Coalition Government and members of this were pro-women’s suffrage. In 1917, the Prime Minister Sir Asquith – who was anti-women’s suffrage – resigned. The new PM was Lloyd George, who was actually sympathetic to women receiving the vote. The fact that women had done so much during the war meant that passing the bill was easier that it was before the war. It would have been even unfair if women had done so much during the war, yet they had still not gotten the vote. But there were men that were less qualified and had the vote. This double standard was also a reason. So though the war effort played a part in them receiving the vote, it was not the only reason why women were able to vote once the war had ended.

Essay --

The play â€Å"An Enemy of the People† focuses on the truth and how different characters expose their outlook about it. Each of the characters are enthused by diverse things, so intern, they act in certain ways. Consequently, they end up in battles due to their differing opinions about the truth of the water. For example, Mayor Peter Stockmann acts in more aggressive way, because he’s motivated financially. Doctor Thomas Stockmann attempts to uncover the truth because of his worry of the public’s well-being and because he trusts that he’s doing the correct thing. Katherine supports Doctor Stockmann because she’s inspired by family and faithfulness towards her husband. Hovstad, a political radical, yet very corrupt as he enjoys stirring up drama as long as he isn’t directly involved. Everyone’s motivated by different things that are important to them, whether they are right or wrong they’re persistent in their beliefs. Mayor Stockmann had to disregard the reality because of money. Cash played a big role which moved Peter Stockmann to neglect the condition of the Baths therefore ending up in a battle with his brother Doctor Stockmann. Ever since the town added it, much income from the Baths, the Mayor didn’t want to uncover the truth to the public. Mayor Stockmann made the remark. â€Å"Of course it will be necessary to raise a municipal loan† (Ibsen 55), this proves that he’s being covetous and implying that at times, its most appropriate to hide the truth because individuals will get annoyed and attempt to repair the problem. Nonetheless, fixing the issue will take much finance and the Mayor’s awfully worried about money and reputation. He refused to put time and money in fixing the pipelines in the Baths so he chose to hide the truth and ... ...Stockmann, Doctor. Thomas Stockmann, Katherine and Hovstad all trust that what they’re doing is right and they feel that they must defend their ideas. Sadly to say, but Mayor Stockmann’s motivation is solely based upon money, Dr. Thomas Stockmann’s inspiration is morally the truth, Katherine is worried about the protection of the family, and Hovstad, just want to play both sides of the fences, because he is scared to be in the minority and afraid of the Mayor. These inspirations help each person to advance and form their character and disposition as the play continues. I feel that, it was very interesting to see how people will act in order to make themselves look good to the crowd. Even if it is the truth, and there is one person standing for truth and one hundred standing for a lie, people will sacrifice and be happy to be with the lie, because it is more people.

Jet Blue Case Analysis Essay

Jetblue set out to provide its customers with a great airlines experience. Neeleman’s goal was to provide customers with â€Å"the types of amenities reserved for the pricier carriers, including wider seats †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and 24 channels of in-flight television† ( Case study pg 400) One of Jetblue and Neeleman’s biggest challenges was to keep offering all these amenities while still competing with the big carriers by keeping their prices 50 to 60 percent lower on the same routes. As they grew and hired more employees they found it harder to maintain the same level of customer service across the board. Also other carriers began to compete with them in the lowprice arena. These bigger airlines had more planes and employees to they were better able to respond to the storm that blanketed New York in 2007. This storm proved to ruin many of Jetblues customer experiences due to the delays and cancellations. Jetblue gave all of their customers refunds and free flights in response to the delays. They were also feeling the effects of the storm longer than their bigger competition since they were understaffed because of pilots being stuck in other states. When the storm hit some flights set on the tarmac for up to ten hours still chancing to be able to leave during the storm. Jetblue could have cancelled these flights earlier and kept customers from having to endure sitting on planes for extended periods of time. If Jetblue had done this then they would have avoided much of the grief they experienced over the next week. Overall Jetblue should have better prepared for the storm by cancelling flights earlier and having extra staff on hand. Whomever was in charge of overall operations should have planned better and is the one who is the most responsible for the lack of preparation. Jet Blue did a great job handling the severe weather in February of 2007. They went above and beyond trying to compensate for the inconvenience and loss of time that their customers endured. They provided $26 million in refunds and vouchers to their passengers stranded in New York. None of the other major airlines offered compensation or even an apology. Even at the companies all time low they did an admirable job offering the JetBlue Experience. Although I commend the way JetBlue handled this difficult situation, there were steps that could have been taken to ease the inconvenience of their passengers. The day before the storm, there were multiple signs of severe weather on the horizon. Snow had already begun to fall and by the early morning the snow became ice pellets and freezing rain. The airline decided to ignore these signs, thus neglecting to warn its passengers of possible delays, resulting in six planes being boarded and ultimately stuck at their gates. Additionally, JetBlue had four incoming planes that should have been directed elsewhere and as a result those planes were unable to reach their terminals because all gates were occupied. If JetBlue would have paid attention to the warning signs and informed their customers, the ten planes and its passengers would have never been stuck at the terminals. The negative consequences JetBlue could face are primarily PR and financial. During the storm in February, the media was constantly covering JetBlue’s â€Å"trapped† customers. Some passengers even went so far as to start a blog called jetblueshostage.com. JetBlue was once known as the leader in service excellence in the airline industry. Now the company is faced with the difficult task of rebuilding its image in the public eye. Directly related to the company’s public image is its stock price. The market lost confidence in JetBlue following the events February of 2007, resulting in the companies stock price falling. In order to get everything back on track the company must first focus on its public image. In order to deal with the unfortunate quagmire the company had found itself in after the snowstorm in the northeast, JetBlue planned to launch a service guarantee known as the â€Å"Customer Bill of Rights† in order to make right what they had wronged. JetBlue announced it would spend $20 to $30 million in effort to appease thousands of stranded customers that were affected. The Bill of Rights works by offering vouchers to customers who experience delayed flights while flying with JetBlue. $25 for flights delayed one to two hours and up to a free round trip ticket for flights delayed up to 6 hours. Will the Customer’s Bill of Rights work in recovering the image JetBlue has tried so hard to create? In my opinion, yes I do think it will. Angry customers who had to deal with the delays on the initial happening will be provided an entire free ticket, and customers who deal with this in the future will be provided with vouchers or tickets as well. What else can an airline company do, errors happen and some may be out of the company’s control. The company must deal with how the error is handled and that is exactly what JetBlue is doing. Several actions and guidelines should be followed by JetBlue in order to insure the companies viability and future success. The launch of the Cutover’s Bill or Rights was a good step in the right direction, but company executives must work closely with their public affairs team to raise its awareness. JetBlue executives must also work with marketing executives to promote the Customer Bill of Rights with large stakeholder groups and already existing customers. JetBlue executives must support this bill of rights 100% in order to restore the company’s image. This means following their promise and actually providing vouchers for every single delayed flight. Customer Bill of Rights should also be leveraged as an advantage in comparison to its competitors. Considering JetBlue was the first to implement such a thing, advertising it as an advantage my pull customers in and keep current customers.

Literary Theory and Criticism, and Its Relevance Today Essay

Literary Theory and Criticism and Its Relevance Today Literary criticism is primarily the evaluation of the importance of a particular work or body of work on such grounds as: the personal and/or cultural importance of the themes and the uses of language of a text; the insights and impact of a text; and the aesthetic creation (or, performance) of the text; mainly as these areas are seen to be reciprocally dependent, supportive or inflective. The word ‘criticism’ has ordinary-use negative connotations, and to an extent that is right: for literary criticism is part of he disciplining of dialogue generally and of what is considered literature in particular. One patrols the confines of good writing, admitting or excluding, determining what should be thought about a text, and why, what personal and cultural value should be placed on it. Judgments of significance are not simple, however. They require that one consider what constitutes importance, what the personal and social importance of literature is what the significance of ‘the aesthetic’ is. And they require that one interpret the text. As texts Judged to be of high literary significance tend to be marked by complexity and even ambiguity, and to yield various interpretations, Judgment may eventually require a theory of interpretation, or at least careful consideration to the question of what constitutes, guides, and legitimates interpretation. Theory is the route of understanding what the character of literature is, what functions it has, what the relation of text is to author, to reader, to language, to society, to history. It is not Judgment but understanding of the frames of Judgment. Literary Theory is part of a prevalent movement in the culture which has affected a number of disciplines, occasioning similar disputes in some, a movement which has explored and elucidated the complexities of meaning, textuality and understanding. Literary Theory is not a single venture but a set of interrelated concepts and practices † most significantly deconstruction, post-Althusserian ideological or ‘political’ criticism, post-Lacanian psychoanalytic criticism, New Historicist or ‘cultural’ criticism, some reader-response criticism and much feminist criticism. The aim of this essay is to identify the issues that ground these contemporary literary theories. There have always been literary theories † about how literature works, what connotation is, what it is to be an author and so forth. The essential interpretive practices in force and in power in the academy which are being challenged by Theory were themselves ground-breaking, theory-based practices which became the norm. The two main crucial practices in the mid portion of the century have been the formalist tradition, or ‘New Criticism’, which sees a text as a omparatively self-enclosed meaning-production system which develops gigantic signifying power through its formal properties and through its conflicts, ambiguities and complexities, and the Arnoldian humanist tradition exemplified most clearly in the work of F. R. Leavis and his followers, which concentrates evaluatively on the capability of the author to represent moral experience concretely and engagingly. Many readers have in practice combined the principles and methodologies of these

The Secret Under the Veil

The legendary author Nathaniel Hawthorne’s intriguing story, â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil†, may be initially read as simply a town’s aversion to a pastor’s strange decision to wear a black veil, but a deeper examination will reveal more profound values—particularly one that echo those of the writer himself. Hawthorne was known to espouse beliefs on man’s propensity toward evil, as well as the ensuing dangers brought on by isolation (OnPedia. com, par. 1), which are evident in many of his works.The same thinking was used as the underlying theme in this story, which is a narrative of the choices made by Parson Hooper, the local minister who refused to remove the veil from his person—thus causing him to be avoided by townsfolk and associated with the idea of evil and secrecy, or both. Strangely, but perhaps intentionally, the word ‘veil’ may be turned around to spell ‘evil’, which in Hawthorne’s typical period of seventeenth-century New England (Merriman, par. 2) could be logically equated with sin.The question then to be asked is within Hooper’s vow to wear the veil—was it to conceal a great sin? The answer may be revealed by a careful analysis of the story, identifying specific statements and moments that provide proof. II. Facades and Appearances: Symbolism of the Black Veil The story begins with the townsfolk’s dismay at the veiled countenance of their new minister, Mr. Hooper, and is evident in a statement uttered by one of them: â€Å"’I don’t like it,’ muttered an old woman†¦ ’He has changed himself into something awful, only by hiding his face. ’† (Hawthorne, par.8). This reaction was most probably triggered by the common representation of the black veil—gloom, death, sadness—as it is usually seen during funerals. It does not directly refer to an admission of sin, but rather to mourn f or something; but the people took its use to be for disguising one’s real feelings, and therefore, must be a manifestation of guilt. Such is implied in their collective thought as Mr. Hooper proceeded with the church service, â€Å"did he seek to hide (his face) from the dread Being whom he was addressing? † (Hawthorne, par. 10). Without actual knowledge of Mr.Hooper’s intentions, the townspeople had already passed judgment and concluded that the minister must be concealing a secret, something so evil that he would not even face God without it. This assumption was further made correct in their minds as Mr. Hooper’s sermon centered on the subject of secret sin, and how no matter it is relegated into the darkest corners, God is able to see it (Hawthorne, par. 12). Small-town societies, such as in the story, can be preoccupied with maintaining appearances and impressions; the main goal is to present a favorable image of themselves as members of a system.Anyt hing that goes against the accepted norms may be treated with curiosity at best, and ridicule at most. Clearly, the town’s unspoken rules did not include having a pastor wearing a black veil, due to the perceived meanings of the object. The outcome is thus the connection and interpretation found within their own social narrative—in this case, secrecy, evil, and sin. III. Change and Acceptance: Not For the Religious People during this era had a great attachment to their faith, exemplified by their staunch obedience to all requisites of religion.Because of this, they had little or no tolerance for anything that ran against the accepted notions of religious tradition (Smith, par. 2)—most especially the idea of a minister wearing a black veil. Gloom and darkness were instantly associated with Mr. Hooper, and produced images of supernatural events (Hawthorne, par. 18). Once more, the wealth of assumptions created by the townsfolk spoke greatly about their own values, and none truly giving value to Mr. Hooper’s reasons. No one dared ask him—except his fiancee—regarding his use of the black veil; the people were content to talk among themselves and further elaborate on their perceptions.The appropriation of funerals is notable in the story, which then gives the reader a chance to associate the concept with Mr. Hooper’s veil, but this was certainly not the mindset of the people; they had already formed their own ideas regarding Mr. Hooper, his probable secret, and the darkness it evoked that consumed the whole town. IV. Truth and Consequence: Revealing the Veil’s Purpose Curiously, the story includes as note that refers to another account of the wearing of the black veil: one that involved yet another clergyman who wore the veil to his death due to his accidental murder of a friend (Hawthorne, par.2). This information, as provided by the author, lends itself to much argument and debate. On the one hand, the reade r could assume that this was a ‘veiled’ revelation of Mr. Hooper’s real yet untold reason for donning the black veil; on the other, it could be simply a comparison of two similar manifestations albeit with different objectives. Another clue that positions itself toward the belief that Mr. Hooper may indeed have committed a grave sin is his exchange with his fiancee Elizabeth, during which he asked. â€Å"’.. if I cover (my face) for sin, what mortal might not do the same?’† (Hawthorne, par. 37). And no matter how much Elizabeth tried to convince Mr. Hooper to tell her his reasons for not removing the veil, the minister remained firm in is resolve. In the ends, he chose to live in isolation, far from the woman he loved, for the motivation for hiding behind the veil was greater. But this isolation and focus on the consequences of sin drew ‘sinners’ closer to Mr. Hooper; it was perhaps his dark appearance and reputation that made th em confess their sins easily, with the quest to ask for forgiveness, as is done in the presence of a priest.In the end, while on his deathbed, Mr. Hooper dealt the blow that would eventually explain, however cryptic, his possible reasons for wearing the veil: â€Å"’Tremble also at each other†¦ I look around me,†¦ on every visage a black veil! ’† (Hawthorne, par. 60). While some will conclude that the minister finally admitted to his secret sin, another interpretation runs toward his use of the veil only to make the people realize their hypocrisy and bad judgment. By his referring to â€Å"the mystery by which (the veil) obscurely typifies has made (it) so awful? † (Hawthorne, par. 60), Mr.Hooper denounced the isolation he had been subjected to by the evil in the minds of men, including his own religious brothers. Just by the sole use of the black veil, a lifetime of assumptions and judgment had been passed on to him—obviously a sin creat ed by malicious thinking. V. Conclusion If the reader were to assume that Mr. Hooper had committed a sin that he avowed to remain secret because of the bit of information about another priest’s use of a black veil, as well as the perceptions of society, then he or she would not be any different from the townsfolk. The presentation of various facts—Mr.Hooper’s wearing of the veil and his refusal to remove it; the earlier incident of another veil being used; and the affinity of the ‘sinners’ with the minister—were probably made to evoke the kind of reaction in a person, coming from the degree of evil in his or her mind. Nowhere in the story had any concrete proof of Mr. Hooper’s supposed sin been shown, and coming to this kind of conclusion is born out of the reader’s own experience. The mention of the other priest who had worn a similar veil was only there to provide one reason; it was not exactly meant to assume that Mr. Hooperà ¢â‚¬â„¢s was the same.Also, the author specifically stated why the first priest had done so—because of a murder he had committed—which meant that it was revealed to the public at some point. In Mr. Hooper’s case, no revelations of any kind were given, as he simply refused to remove it till his death. Mr. Hooper’s character is a test of the townsfolk’s—and the reader’s—core. Seeing how the townsfolk reacted, which is most likely along the same lines as that of many readers of this story, Hawthorne’s theory of evil residing in the minds of men is validated.Works Cited Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil†. The Literature Network, 2009 http://www. online-literature. com/hawthorne/146/ â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil†. OnPedia. com, 2009. http://www. onpedia. com/encyclopedia/The-Minister%27s-Black-Veil Merriman, C. D. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne †. Jalic, Inc. , 2007. http:/ /www. online-literature. com/hawthorne/ Smith, Nicole. â€Å"Analysis of ‘The Minister’s Black Veil’ by Nathaniel Hawthorne†. Article Myriad, 2007. http://www. articlemyriad. com/146. htm

12 Angry Men Questions Essay

1. Do you think that the jury in this movie came to the right decision? Why/why not? I think that the jury in this movie came to the wrong decision, because I feel that all throughout the deliberation the factual evidence did not have any reasonable doubt lingering above it, which was the complete opposite of the opinion of juror 8, and gradually everyone else. While there was factual evidence presented, juror 8 persuaded all the rest of the jurors at the end to disregard the forensics, and to deduce their own theories, by blatantly stating â€Å"what if† questions persuading all jurors to a unanimous decision. 2. Did your opinion of the case change as the movie progressed, or did it stay the same throughout the entire movie? Explain. My opinion of the case changed as the movie progressed, and did not stay the same throughout the entire movie. In the beginning I felt that the teenage boy was guilty and that the facts were too evident and clear, but slowly I was so fascinated by juror 8’s logic and his thinking ability, it got me interested and swayed my vote for â€Å"not guilty† I also believed what juror 8 was saying by his tone of voice, which was clear and rhetorical. He showed the panel a rough estimate on how long it would take for the father to get stabbed, walk with a limp, and still call for help. 3. Juror 8 made the statement, â€Å"Prejudice obscures the truth.† Which character(s) based their decisions on prejudice? Explain. Juror 10 is one of the most racist and prejudice of the all the jurors a quote to show this is â€Å"Now you’re not going to tell us that we’re supposed to believe that kid, knowing what he is. Listen, I’ve lived among ‘em all my life. You can’t believe a word they say. I mean, they’re born liars.† When he says this he means/believes that people are born in slums are born to live lives of crime and disseat, even thou juror 5 was born and lived in a slum all his life he  is a perfectly respectable man. This proves that juror 10 was wrong and people born in slums aren’t born to lie and commit crime. 4. Why do you think Juror 3 held out so long before changing his mind at the end? Juror 3 is the last to change his mind because of his grudge against kids; this grudge between him and his son had stemmed from a fight and immediately his son left home and has never seen him in more than two years. Ever since that incident juror 3 has had a personal dislike against kids which is evident when juror 3 says â€Å"‘that goddamn rotten kid, I know him, what they’re like. What they do to you. How they kill you every day. My God, don’t you see? How come I’m the only one who sees? Jeez, I can feel that knife going in.’† This proves that juror 3 thinks he knows every kid in the whole world and knows that they are disrespectful and unthankful. But by the end of deliberation when he was the lone man voting guilty, he was overwhelmed with pressure by the jurors and his bottled feelings for his son that instantly come out, realizing that he cannot treat the teenage boy like his son, and thus treat him fairly. 5. Did this movie provide an accurate depiction of jury deliberation? Explain. The deliberation was for pure entertainment but also great acting was presented by the jurors as they showed the atmosphere in a deliberation room, as the testimony of many jurors in real life explain that they are very anxious to leave and would like to quickly go home, who may listen to a case for days. Such jurors like juror three took notes and noted evidence and factual information, though it is very uncommon for jurors to take notes, it is legal and shows that some can remember while other are better to write things down. But one scene that rang an alarm for me is when juror 8 brought out the similar knife used in the crime scene, to show â€Å"that anyone could have put a knife at the crime scene.† He should have been kicked off the jury the moment he went out and bought the knife. By law, juries are not allowed to conduct their own investigations, and if the other jurors had just reported Ju ror No. 8 for that, he’d have been replaced by an alternate. Yes, it’s cool for characters in a movie to take the law into  their own hands. In real life, you like to leave tasks like that to the people who have years of training and law enforcement experience. Even with that, Juror No. 8’s whole line of reasoning is wrong at almost every step. According to the law, it’s the jury’s job to determine the veracity of the evidence presented, as is — not to question and interpret the evidence any way they choose and make wild assumptions about witnesses. For instance, you don’t just dismiss blood evidence as â€Å"probably planted† unless you are presented with evidence that it has been planted. Likewise, you can’t just hand-wave away jury testimony based on, â€Å"There were indents on her nose.† 6. Rotten Tomatoes gave this movie a 100% rating. Are you surprised? Was this warranted? I am not surprised that Rotten Tomatoes gave this movie 100% rating; it is a very unique movie that has only 12 characters and one setting, which captures a complex-riddled dialogue using rhetorical, logical, metaphorical schemes and a bundle of jaw-dropping acting by Henry Fonda. But in my opinion, I would rate this movie a 92% rating because though we learned in law class on the responsibilities and process in jury duty and deliberation many scenes would depict the opposite which caught my attention, but I understand that some parts were made to capture the audience’s attention throughout the movie, which indeed they did and had to tweak the truth.