Types Of Tenders And Tendering Process Construction Essay

Types Of Tenders And Tendering Process Construction Essay A tender can be said as an offer to do work or supply goods at a fixed price. Initiating step of a tendering process in which qualified contractors are invited to submit sealed bids for construction or for supply of specific and clearly defined goods or services during a specified timeframe. The tender process is designed to ensure that the work to be done for client/government is given out in a fair way. For example in Malaysia, there are a number of policies known as procurement policies which guide government of Malaysia on how to make decisions on which tender to accept. Although price is very important in the decision on which tender or bid to accept, it is not the only factor taken into account. Once client/government accepts a tender, it is binding on both parties. This means that the person or company that won the tender has to provide the goods or services in the manner agreed to and at the price offered, and client/government must pay the agreed price at the agreed time. In other words, once accepted, a tender is a binding contract. 2.2 Types of tendering When talk about tendering, it is involved some kind of complicated process and procedure. Before any tendering process can be done, professional team and employer must make sure all necessary tender documents have been prepared, checked and approved. The source of the funding also must have been identified and the project financing put in place. The procedures for subsequent stages should have been established with the express consent of the employer to ensure the tendering process will go smoothly. What types of tendering that employer want to choose is depends on nature of contract, complexity of the construction, expertise needed and several reasons. But usually for the government project all over the world, is tend to make open tender to ensure the procurement and works to be done in fairly manner without prejudice. As the researcher mention before, open tender is one of the types of tendering that commonly used in this world. Actually there are several types of tender including open tender, selective tender, negotiated tender, serial tender and term tendering. 2.2.1 Open tender Open tendering is the main tendering procedures employed by both the government and private sector. The client advertises the tender offer in the local newspaper giving detail and key information of the proposed works and inviting interested contractor to tender. In the legal sense such tender notices constitute invitation to treat, a mere request by the employer for suitable contractor to submit their bids or offers. If the pre-requisite to tendering on the form of possession of the necessary registration has been identified in the tender notice, then the advertisement is directed to only that particular class of the public having the said qualifications. In order to reduce number of enquiries, earnest money is deposited (for private project). Until the receipt of a bone fide tender selected then it will be returned. Although price is very important in the decision on which tender or bid to accept, it is not the only factor taken into account. Client does not bind to accept the lowest or any offer. The advantages and disadvantages of open tender are stated below: Advantages Disadvantages It allows any interested contractor to tender. Therefore it gives opportunity for an unknown contractor to compete for the work. The tender list can be long as too many contractors tendering for one job. Allowing the tender list to be made without bias. Client will obtain the bargain possible. No favouritism in selecting contractors. Uneconomic use of source. Ensuring good competition not obliged to accept any offers. Public accountability may be questioned if the lowest offer is not accepted. Traditional method of tendering, familiar to all sector of the engineering and construction industry. Does not attract reputable and established contractor unless they are forced to, due to lack of work. Selective tender Selective tendering is the one alternatives developed to address the limitations of the open tendering procedure. In this method, a short list of contractor is drawn up and they are invited to submit tenders. The purpose of the elective tendering are to improve the quality of the bids received, to ensure that contractors with the necessary experience and competence are given the opportunity to submit the necessary bids, due to urgency work involved, for specific reasons of the employer, eg security reasons in government projects. etc. and to make the tendering procedure more manageable and less a burden on the parties involved. Such list may be prepared through recommendation from the Clients professional adviser whom have knowledge of the Contractors undertaking the work in the past or advertisement through the newspaper (prequalification). The advantages and disadvantages of the selective tendering are stated below. Advantages Disadvantages Only the competent contactors were invited to tender, then the lowest can be accepted. Reduces the availability of work for other contractors especially new contractors. It reduced the cost of tendering (economic use of resources, reduced tender documentation, shorter tender periods, better management of the tender process, etc.) Tender Price may invariably higher than would have been in open tendering. Greater chance of collusion. Tendering period longer because it involved two distinct stages. Favoritisms may occur in the short listing. Two Stage Selective Tender Two stage selective tendering combined elements of competition and negotiation into a formula where the employer could utilize the contractors expertise at an early stage of the project cycle so as to maximize innovation, ingenuity and quality and simultaneously optimize cost, time and resource input. A contractor is selected competitively early in the design process. The tender documents contain approximately quantities of the major value items. As design and planning proceed, the final tender is developed from cost and priced data supplied with the initial tender. Two stage selective tendering was very popular in developed countries. It was different from selective tendering because has two (2) distinct stages namely: Selection of suitable contractor This involves the selection of a suitable contractor and the establishment of a level of pricing for subsequent negotiations. The objective is to select suitable contractor as early as possible is to work together with the professional team and to establish a level of pricing for subsequent negotiation. The criteria for short listing is normally confined to items such as technical and financial capability, experience in similar works and extent of resources (manpower, plant and equipment). The pricing document should be flexible enough to cater for adjustment of price fluctuation for the period between two stages and the pricing of the second stage. In selecting a suitable candidate, a basis for pricing the subsequent second stage should be established accordingly. Determination of Contract Price Once a suitable contractor is selected, he will work together with the project team start contributing to the pre contract process in his capacity as unbiased but independent construction expert. This contractor will contribute the following: Contribution as a Technical Advisor to the Design Process Practical Skills and Buildability Minimization of Project Delay During this stage, a negotiation to reach an agreement on the final contract price is undertaken and the pre contract process is perfected. If no agreement being reached, the employer has an option to abandon the tendering exercise and re-tender the works using any other tendering procedure. The application of two stage selective tendering might be appropriate where the works are a very complicated nature, where at the time of selection of the contractor, the magnitude of the work may not be known with sufficient certainty and where it is an essential pre-requisite for works to be finished by an early completion date. Table below are some advantages and disadvantage of two stages selective tendering. Advantages Disadvantages Benefit of the contractors expertise in buildability, specialist knowledge in proprietry systems, project scheduling, etc resulting in value for money. Its application requires a high level of familiarity and commitment on the part of employers and contractors. Early commencement of work at site even when the magnitude of the works is not known with sufficient certainty at the time of site possession. Owing to a relatively smaller element of competition, but on the other hand higher negotiations content, the tender process is relatively more expensive and longer than other common procedures. Savings of time due to the overlap of the design and tendering stage. Should the second stage be deadlocked or result in no acceptable agreement being reached, the tender process has to be initiated all over again, albeit, through a different route. This incurs a time and cost penalty to the project as a whole. The procedure utilizes the best aspects of both competition and negotiation to arrive at the most favourable arrangement at an optimum firm price before work commences. This procedures requires a high level of commitment, integrity and good faith on the part of both sides which sadly is usually lacking, hence the apparent failures encountered to date. Since the contractor is part of the project team at a very stage of the project, this results in better communication and information flow. Generally there will be fewer claims and disputes in the post contract award stage due to the contractors involvement at the design / pre contract stage. Experience has shows that the contractor has a clearer understanding of the requirements and a better appreciation of the intricacies of the design and contract documentations. Negotiation Tender Negotiation tendering is extensively used in the engineering and construction industry commencing from tendering till dispute resolutions, i.e. under the styles of pre-contract negotiations and post contract negotiations. Usually with single contractor but may be up to three contractors. Negotiation process involves are as follows: Identification by the employer of a suitable contractor to negotiate with. The contractor can be selected either from the employers own list of preferences or on the advice of the professional team. The contractor being apprised of the workscope. The selected contractor is issued with details such as the scope of work involved, relevant drawings, design and /or information to enable him to appreciate the extents of obligations and the employers actual needs. Some employers prepare and issue to the contractor proper tender documents inclusive of a nominated bills of quantities to assist contractor in pricing the works for the forthcoming negotiations. Negotiations can be applied to the following type of contract: In Partnering type of contracts under the so called win-win formula. Where the employer has a long term business relationship with the contractor. In situations where the parties are in a relationships of holding and subsidiary companies. Where the contractor is involved in the financing of the project. In situations where the employer finds it advantages to employ the same contractor to continue an initial or existing contract for the new works Where there is a pressing need to have a very early start of work on the site and to complete the works on a fast tract basis. In special circumstances e.g. Security reasons, emergencies etc where it is expedient to secure the services of a particular contractor only. Where there is only a single contractor who is the only one available or with ether the special skill or resources to carry out the particular works. The employers resources are either limited or constrained thereby making the use of the other tendering impractical. Advantages Disadvantages Only reputable contractor are invited for negotiation. The cost work is likely higher than competitive tender. The Contractor can contribute his expertise during design stage. Reduces the availability of work for other contractors. Early Commencement of work on site. It shortens the period involved in appointing the contractor. Should the negotiations be deadlock or prove eventually unsuccessful, this causes wastage of valuable resources on both sides and loss of time for the employer, thereby delaying the overall selection of suitable contractor. Reduce risk of failure Best alternatives for the employer to adopt is special circumstances such as emergencies, security reasons and etc. Experience has shows that contracts let out this basis result in fewer disputes and claims during the construction stage. Term Tender Term tendering normally used on major maintenance projects. It may be awarded to a contractor to cover a range of different buildings in different locations. It is often limited to a fixed time scale, although the needs of the client may often require this to be extended. It is like a standing offer to undertake a loosely defined extends of work usually within a fixed time period. The type of work is usually specified and priced in a schedule of rates. The contractor will initially be offered the work to cover a number of different trades usually on the basis of prices contained in a schedule prepared by the client.Where the client supplies the rates for the work, the contractors are given the option of quoting a percentage addition or deduction from these rates depending upon their desire to win the project. The contractor offering the most advantageous percentage to the client will then be awarded the contract. An indication of the amount of work expected over the specified period of time will assist the contractors in the consideration of the percentage to be quoted. 2.3 Conventional Tendering Process As the researcher mentioned before, this chapter will focus on conventional tender while the next chapter will focus on electronic tendering. Therefore readers will see clearly background on conventional tendering and electronic tendering. Conventional tendering process will involve pre-tender stage, tender advertisement stage, closing of tender, tender opening process, tender evaluation process and finally tender award. 2.3.1 Pre-tender Stage At pre-tender stage, when the clients have an idea, client will appoint consultant to discuss further about the project. Consultant will do their job, advising, managing the tender and contract, and also transfer the idea into the drawing. At this stage client and consultants will brainstorming about the scope, time to complete and budget that client willing to allocate. Researcher believes that pre-tender stage is most crucial matter because it will initiate the next step of a project. If the pre-tender stage is failed, the project will not successfully complete. 2.3.2 Tender Advertisement Tender advertisement also called tender notice. The conventional tender notice will advertise in local newspaper. In tender notice, basic requirement should be appearing are: Title of the project. Class of contractor, head and subhead needed. Location, date, and time to obtain the tender document. Fees for tender document. Location, date and time for submission of tender doc. 2.3.3 Closing of Tender In tender notice will mention the time and date of tender closing process. If the contractors fail to submit their bids within specific time and date, it considers the contractors refuse to bid for the tender. At that time also tender validity period is started. At this period, contractors can withdraw back their bids if they are no more interested to fight for the tender. Consultant use this period to make assessment and evaluation each of the offers. 2.3.4 Tender Opening and Evaluation Process Quantity surveyors usually will handle tender opening process. In order to preserve the integrity of the competitive process, it is imperative that the evaluation of proposals is undertaken objectively, consistently and without bias towards particular suppliers.   Tenders are usually evaluated against a pre-determined set of criteria. The evaluation of the tenders shall be prepared the soonest possible after the tender opening. A report prepared by the Quantity Surveyor will describe the findings of the said evaluation and it will be supported by tables and graphs. In the end, the Quantity Surveyor will recommend which tenderer, who in his opinion, is the most suitable to undertake to execute the project. 2.3.5 Tender Award An evaluation team will examine each tender received and make recommendations as to which tender represents best value for money.   Once the contract has been awarded, both the successful and unsuccessful tenderers will be notified. Once the final decision has been made on the tender award, the tender administrator creates the tender results notification which is in letter form, and then sent to all participating contractors.

Othello: the Abnormalities in the Play :: Othello essays

Othello: the Abnormalities in the Play  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare’s tragic drama Othello boasts quite a little list of abnormalities in both occurrences and personal behavior.    In the volume Shakespeare and Tragedy John Bayley explains how the abnormality of the protagonist’s behavior brings on rejection by the critics:      In our own time more genteel, but also more intellectualized versions of Rymer’s disfavour have been voiced by T.S. Eliot and F.R. Leavis, who both consider and reject the personality that Othello presents to the outside world, pointing out that he is not so much deceived as a self-deceiver, a man presented by Shakespeare as constitutionally incapable of seeing the truth about himself. So the detached, ironic view of the creator contrasts with the tragical and romantic view taken of himself by the created being. (201)    But Othello is defended by other critics. In her book, Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies, Maynard Mack defends the Moor as one who is not necessarily the victim of a psychological deficiency, as some critics maintain:    What should be noticed in particular is that, essentially, Shakespeare invented Iago; set him down in his dramatis personae with the single epithet â€Å"a villain†; and devoted most of the play’s lines and scenes to showing in detail the cunning, malignancy, and cruelty of his nature, including the cowardice of his murder of his wife. It seems to me therefore impossible to believe, as some recent critics would have us do, that the root causes of Othello’s ruin are to be sought in some profound moral or psychological deficiency peculiar to him. (137)    A more obvious example of the irregular appears in the conduct of Iago. The abnormal behavior of the ancient is partly rooted in his misogynism. In â€Å"Historical Differences: Misogyny and Othello† Valerie Wayne implicates Iago in sexism. He is one who is almost incapable of any other perspective on women than a sexist one:    Iago’s worry that he cannot do what Desdemona asks implies that his dispraise of women was candid and easily produced, while the praise requires labour and inspiration from a source beyond himself. His insufficiency is more surprising because elsewhere in the play Iago appears as a master rhetorician, but as Bloch explains, ‘the misogynistic writer uses rhetoric as a means of renouncing it, and, by extension, woman.’ (163)    And how about epilepsy?

By the Way and Mother

It is often said that life is about dreaming, and hoping and learning. As a child, I dreamed of only one thing – to be successful in everything- to be successful in everything I do to make everyone proud of me, especially my mother. But later I realized that I, just like most children, do not have to do anything to win my mother’s heart. Back in 70’s my father was diagnosed with lung cancer resulting in a very difficult, prolonged treatment that did not save him, after all.This was a cruel blow to our family, especially to my mother who has understandably at a loss, left with nine children to raise all by herself. She was young at 39 when she was widowed but she never entertained the thought of marrying again because she wanted to give her children her undivided attention. Now we are professionals in our own field but we know we can never repay our mother’s for all that she has done for us to be where we are now.Words will never be enough to honor a hero l ike my mother whose silent, endearing ways have given us the best of life, peace, joy, love and the security of knowing that even if we should fall in any way at any time again and again, she would always be by our side to be what she has always been to us- our certainty is the most uncertain times; the true hero who knows how to live her life to the fullest by doing the supreme sacrifice of living for her children. Even now at 68, she still amazes me by the way she manages the great and minute details of motherhood.Whenever I feel some doubts about my worth before God, I only have to think of how worthy I am to my mother according to the way she accepts me even if I had done something wrong. Yes, through my mother I know there is God. Thank you mama- for being all too human. You have led us to discovering that which is divine! And as a true hero you have freed us from the tyranny of ignorance by educating us beyond the corners of a formal school, for even in the comfort in our home you have always served as the light of our lives.

Baseball, Baseball And Baseball - 1088 Words

It s true what they say about underdogs. They aren t always expected to win but they can always surprise you. Me and my best friend Ben were very close we played every sport together basketball, baseball and everything. Baseball was starting up in the summer. little did we know that we were going to be part of an underdog story. When Ben and I signed up for that year we decided to play for the Otterbein team, because my school didn t have a team and Ben was homeschooled. We then found out that there was only nine people on the team which meant that no one could miss a game because baseball needs 9 player on the field at all time. On the way to my first practice with Ben I didn t care much about how the team was when it came to†¦show more content†¦During these practices i got my new nickname. For some reason the coach kept saying my name wrong. He kept calling me Trevor then he would correct himself and be like â€Å"uh...I mean Jared. Goodness gracious why do i do that!† something along those lines. SInce he could not stop calling me that everyone started a new joke. Instead of calling me Jared they would always say Trevor so the nickname stuck. On our first game we did our best at the time but we weren t doing great. We ended up losing and the score was something like 10 to 1. We weren t a real good team and it seemed to me like some members of the team were a little over sensitive. I was always trying to stay positive by saying things like that was just one tuff team i bet we’ll win the next one, or we didn t do that bad. Even though I knew at the time our team wasn t that good. Each practice we would try to go over what we did wrong and what we didn t do that we should have. It was later when I realized the pattern. Each game we would lose by less and less. This happened for the first 5 games or so. Then after that was when the tables turned on I believe our sixth game we won. Our team was so excited and the coach w as very proud. So on the next practices we kept doing what we were doing and improving on it bit by bit, and It was working greatly. We improved an insane amount. So then we won the next game then the next and so on. It seemed like our coach and the team