Pareting Skills Essay

1)What is positive parenting? Positive parenting is when you encourage good behavior, good communication, and help your children maintain high self-esteem. 2)What is discipline? How does it differ from punishment? Discipline is to teach your child from their mistake and it’s different from punishment because punishment is when your child doesn’t abide by the rules nor does something they were told not to do. 3)What is active listening? Why is it used by parents? Active listening is when the child learns from being given feedback about what they do. Parents use active listening so their child learns from what they did and what they can do to What is guidance? Provide an example of a parent providing guidance to a child? Guidance is guiding your child in the right direction. An example of a parent providing guidance to a child is if your child is yelling in the library instead of yelling back at him telling him to shut up, tell him to talk lower. 4)Where can families and parents find support and resources? Families and parents find support and resources by going to classes for caring for infants, churches, schools, doctors’ offices, and community centers. Do you think positive parenting techniques work? Why or why not? Yes I think positive parenting techniques work because I feel that children respond positively when parents are not negative. 1.Choose one of the three scenarios presented at the beginning of the module. Describe how you would handle the situation. †¢You come home from work and find that your middle school-aged daughter hasn’t finished her homework, even though she was supposed to have the homework done so that you could have a family movie night Since she didn’t do her homework before I got home; while everyone is watching the movie for movie night she will be doing her homework and will not be able to join the family until she is finished 1)Why are consequences an important part of positive parenting? Consequences are an important part of positive parenting because if your child doesn’t have any consequences for their actions they will keep doing the things they do.

Electrical Circuit

Electrical circuit  is a path which  electrons  from a  voltage  or  current  source flow. Electric current  flows in a closed path called an electric circuit. The point where those electrons enter an electrical circuit is called the â€Å"source† of electrons. The point where the electrons leave an electrical circuit is called the â€Å"return† or â€Å"earth ground†. The exit point is called the â€Å"return† because electrons always end up at the source when they complete the path of an electrical circuit.The part of an electrical circuit that is between the electrons' starting point and the point where they return to the source is called an electrical circuit's â€Å"load†. ————————————————- Electrical-circuits Electrical circuits usually use  alternating current  sources. The load of an electrical circuit may be as simple as the electrical appliances like refrigerators, televisions, or microwave ovens. But the loads for electrical circuits can also be quite complicated, such as the load upon the output of a hydroelectric power generating station. ———————————————— Electronic circuits Electronic  circuits usually use low voltage  direct current  sources. The load of an electronic circuit may be as simple as a few  resistors,capacitors, and a lamp, all connected together to create the flash in a  digital camera. Or an electronic circuit can be complicated, connecting thousands of resistors, capacitors, and  transistors  to create the  microprocessors  that make computers possible. ————————————————- Circuit-and-wiring-diagrams Electrical and electronic circui ts can be complicated.Making a drawing of the connections to all the component parts in the circuit's load makes it easier to understand how circuit components are connected. Drawings for electronic circuits are called â€Å"circuit diagrams†. Drawings for electrical circuits are called â€Å"wiring diagrams†. Circuit diagrams and wiring diagrams are usually drawn by skilleddraftsmen, and then printed. But they can also be simple pencil sketches drawn by  technicians  or other workers. Wiring and circuit diagrams use special  symbols  recognized by everyone who uses the drawings.The symbols on the drawings show how components like resistors, capacitors,  inductors, motors, outlet boxes, lights, switches, and other electrical and electronic ————————————————- Circuit-breakers The current flowing in an electrical or electronic circuit can be suddenly i ncreased when a component part fails. The increase in current can cause serious damage to other components in the circuit. Or the failure can create a fire hazard. To protect the other components, or to prevent a fire hazard, a device called a â€Å"circuit breaker† can be wired into a circuit.The circuit breaker will open, or â€Å"break†, the circuit in which it is installed when the current in that circuit becomes too high. ————————————————- [change]Ground-fault-interrupt-(GFI)-devices The standard return for electrical and electronic circuits is the earth ground. When an improperly designed electrical or electronic device fails, it may open the return circuit to the earth ground. The user of the device could become a part of the device's electrical circuit by providing a return path for the electrons through the user's body instead of the circuit's earth ground.When the user's body becomes part of an electrical circuit, the user can be seriously  shocked, or even killed by  electrocution. To prevent the danger of electrical shock and the possibility of electrocution, ground fault interrupt devices detect open circuits to earth ground in attached electrical or electronic devices. When an open circuit to earth ground is detected, the GFI device immediately opens the voltage source to the device. GFI devices are similar to circuit breakers, but are designed to protect humans rather than circuit components.

Health information system in KIng Faisal Hospital Essay

Health information system in KIng Faisal Hospital - Essay Example The health information system (HIS) is devised to evaluate and study the efficiency of practices that are carried out within a healthcare system. Record keeping lies to the heart of the health information system. Collecting raw data from different sources electronically or manually; followed by categorization; application of various filters; using statistical and other data mining tools; and storing the obtained information that it could be accessed by the users with ease. At King Faisal Hospital, the responsibility of health information system management lies with its Information and Technology Department. The main responsibilities of the health information system at King Faisal Hospital is to manage Information Technology Affairs; to run integrated clinical information system; managing the integrated financial and material management system; devising department specific applications; to maintain and enhance the information technology’s infrastructure services.The health info rmation system deals with two types of users, they are professionals and non-professionals. Among professionals there are further divisions it includes doctors, consultants, healthcare professionals and the non-technical staff. While non-professional users include the patients, patients’ relatives or other concerned personnel. Every user needs information according to his or her purpose. Further, apart from purpose of extracting information, the other important thing that is needed is the information security.

Modern Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Modern Marketing - Essay Example More often than not, it is not the intrinsic quality of the product which appeals to the customers but the intangible aspects like brand and image. Having learned the essentials in promoting a specific product, I feel more confident in using it in my future career. The past lessons instilled in me the commitment of helping my business organization communicate its intended message to its customers. Now, I am more conscious and convinced of the fact that it is not just the advertisements and commercials which makes up a brand identity in the market. More importantly, it is how the whole company from the executives to the front line employees performs which make up the brand image. A good example of this is Ritz-Carlton Hotel whose employees embody excellent customer service by developing them to be "ladies and gentlemen serving ladies and gentlemen." In here, excellent service comes from the sales force-the staff-which directly interacts with the customers. The communication of the company's commitment to service excellence and the delivery of the "Ritz-Carlton experience" is through its staff dedication of fulfilling even the "e xpressed desire of the guests." In this highly modern world, the advancement of technology shapes how marke

Authentic Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Authentic Leadership - Essay Example The need for leadership construct evolves the criteria of fulfilling our needs by economic institutions and in order to meet institutional needs, individual is required to endure at least twelve years of formal education. However despite attaining a longer tenure in education, students still lack in determining their goal of life. This might be due to the globalising tendencies that we witness as market economies and are placed in the category of consumer market in which every individual born in the society is a consumer, and every consumer is either agent to the institute or interpretor. An illustration is that of given by Barker (2002) points out that this is one of the reasons why the role of interpreter of the Church has been transformed into roles other than the one use to guide people (2002, p. 68). Such consumer market has affected management and leadership development in economic ideology to the extent where it has been constructed in order to form a social hierarchy which send commands and controls knowledge management to authenticate leadership theories. However, theories alone are not enough to identify the core of the Australian leadership culture in this materialistic epoch, there are some attributes of the workplace that can be placed under the heading of worship. These attributes reveal to us that corporate environment, law firms or even union hierarchies define idealistic leadership in the light of religious attitudes that entail male orientation, physical and emotional strength, and self-reliant behavior (Sinclair, 2005, p. 44-45). One reason for such requirement is the physical contribution and influence of male over female is more task-oriented and dedicated. Corporate practices support these values so as to religious male leaders may work longer hours with minimal leave while representing a sense of self-sacrifice in terms of devoting maximum time for the job. Contemporary administration of Catholic schools

Is the way Socrates founds the city in speech,especially the role of Essay - 1

Is the way Socrates founds the city in speech,especially the role of the guardians,compatible with 5th Century Athens How about Sparta or any other city or nat - Essay Example Thesis The role of the guardians bears resemblance with functions and duties of rulers in the 5th century Athens and can be compared with the role of communists in soviet Russia and Communist China. The guardians in The Republic bear resemblance with rules of ancient Athens. The most important political principle of Platos ideal state is rule by an enlightened elite, highly trained and educated for the role and endowed with a philosophical turn of mind that presumably assures the wisdom of their policies. Platos commentary is principally concerned with the training and duties of this elite class, the Guardians. In fact, Athens had a whole host of officials, for the most part annually selected boards of magistrates, each devoted to an aspect of social regulation. Magistrates shared some of the duties involved in policing Athens, their role and function will only indirectly be a concern of this work. Interpreted more narrowly, policing also describes the work of an organized police force, a disciplined, professional corps, whose duties include enforcing the law through investigation and prosecution and ensuring public order. The Guardians themselves are divided into two major gro ups. The larger group (sometimes referred to in the texts as "Auxiliaries") includes civil servants and a permanent military force, skilled in the art of war and dedicated to the task of defending the state from external enemies. In ancient Athens, there was social division: the military would be charged with keeping civil order within the state as well. The most important virtue of these Guardians is courage. However, those rulers who show a gift for rational and philosophical contemplation are eligible to become Rulers, who are charged with making the important policy decisions that the lower orders of Guardians will then carry out and enforce. In a direct response to what he saw as the corruption and decadence

It's the Law ... or is it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

It's the Law ... or is it - Essay Example There exist set rules and laws that are useful in curbing the misuse of other people’s work found in the web. The paper will briefly explore copyright laws governing internet information and the penalties for contravening them. There are numerous laws and regulations governing the use of internet information, but the paper will particularly look at copyright laws. In 1998, the then United States president Bill Clinton signed the digital millennium copyright Act (Scott). The act provides guidelines that should be adhered to by the users of the internet when accessing other people’s work that may include, music and intellectual work among others. Further, Scott documents that some of the copyright laws and regulations include: fair use, unauthorized access and copying, file sharing and liability. Let us examine liability. As stipulated in the copyright Act, one is not allowed to produce and distribute unauthorized copies from the internet. In the event that producti on is to be done, consent of the producer is supposed to be sought. Failure to do the same amounts to a breach of the law and the offender is liable for the legal consequences. When the breach occurs, the plaintiff can sue the actual offender or the internet service provider in a court of law. The complainant is also at liberty to seek an injunction from the court (Lesley). The purpose of the injunction is to prevent the offender from continual violation of the copyright rights. Lesley further documents that the copyright holder has the right to seek compensation from the offender in the court in form of monetary or statutory damages. The court of law is charged with the responsibility of establishing the guilt or innocence of the accused. If one is found guilty of violation the copyright act, he or she must take criminal responsibility.

Case project Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Project - Case Study Example Joint venture (JV) is the new business entity created by conclusion of the partnership with the existing company. As owner of 51 % or more of each of joint venture, Fort McKay First Nation of directors of every corporation whose role is to oversee management of company and ensure that company achieves profit targets. Each joint venture was established as the independent company that is controlled independently from administration of first nation. Fort McKay moved auger drilling , rotary drilling and coring Laskey services that are used exploration, development , drilling sand bench, and environmental and geotechnical surveys . Fort McKay geotechnical features set devices and geotechnical sampling programs and environment. Fort McKay also provides water-carrier fleet , watering of roads and services in place washing equipment . Bobcat services , including drilling and installation of small pillars are also available. Providing staff knew about Fort McKay, the well-trained technicians and technologist’s security. They hold technical certificates for access to industrial sites and local and appropriate software. Company is pleased to announce that our list of experienced drillers profile sand screw experience 45 years and older. Fort McKay strict security control program and losses. Our staff is committed to safe work practices , including extensive protocols FLRA and received the Certificate of Recognition (COR) , in partnership with health and safety . Our performance information security registered in service of the document management company. Management Structure This apparatus as well describes the abstruse training to advice user’s admission the abilities categories that best clothing them , allowance new career advance . Fort Mckay Abilities 2000 strategy was an abundant abstraction for recruitment (Longo 2004). Fort Mckay supply mission requires abundant humans who are bright, artistic and energetic, and accept the afterward meanings: Integr ity and honesty. Passion for barter , ally and technology. Accessible, admiring with others, and committed to authoritative them feel better. Alertness to yield on big challenges and see them through . Self- analytical , analytic and committed to claimed and cocky -improvement. Responsible for commitments , after-effects and superior to barter , shareholders, ally and employees. Fort Mckay uses two types of training for their advisers : On the job training area new advisers apprentice from added accomplished colleagues . This blazon of training is based primarily on the convenience in the abode . Off -the- job, area advisers amend their adeptness and apprentice something added in adjustment to advance their top superior achievement . This blazon of training is done in the classroom, and it is an approach of practice. The aboriginal adjustment is a Fort Mckay , even if the aggregation requires all advisers accept to yield refresher courses . Notice alertness is actual important for t he company. After training, the aggregation focuses on the development of people. Development of advisers with the adeptness already accepted to advice the abiding needs of the business such as the development of account that accord to a college position in adjustment to advance abundance and admission profits. Diversity is an allotment of the adeptness of Fort Mckay and a set of programs. Both were created in adjustment t

Ballistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ballistics - Essay Example There are two types of ballistics, interior and exterior ballistics. Interior ballistics concerns itself with the thermodynamics and chemistry that occurs in a guns barrel. Exterior ballistics concerns itself with the motion of a bullet that comes from a gun. This paper concerns itself with the mathematics that occurs from the exterior ballistics. This paper seeks to identify how mathematics helps to determine the distance and trajectory of a bullet. Coupland and Rothchild (2011) denote that motion is of two types, that is natural motion, and violent motion. Natural motion faces resistance from air or water, basically because it occurs in such kind of a medium. An example of a natural motion is the falling of a stone, or the rising of a smoke. Violent motion on the other hand occurs as a result of an application of force. An example of a violent motion is the movement of a bullet from a firearm. Coupland and Rothchild (2011) denote that the weight of the object and the force in which an individual applies to a motion object will determine the distance and the speed in which the motion object under consideration will move. (Pender, 2012).Before determining on how to use mathematics to determine the distance and trajectory of a bullet, it is important to understand that a trajectory determination does not identify and reveal the occurrences prior to an individual holding the gun (McCoy, 2012). It only identifies the distance, and the nature of the weapons used by the criminals. In calculating the distance and trajectory of a bullet, it is important to denote that a bullet under motion faces two types of forces, that is the force of gravity, and the natural force brought by the air around which the bullet flies. In calculating a distance that a bullet covers, it is important to denote that bullets have a ballistic coefficient of G1 (Pender, 2012). The ballistic coefficient of a bullet (G1) allows an individual to scale the bullets drag to the standard projectile e stablished by the Gavre Commission. The standard ballistic coefficient of a bullet established by the Gavre commission was 1.000 (Warlow, 2012). This standard allows an individual to calculate how many feet’s a projectile will lose a given number of velocities in comparison to a distance a standard projectile will cover, after losing the same amount of velocity, under similar atmospheric environment. For example, a G 1 standard projectile drops approximately 2904 to 3000 fps over a distance of 100 yards. This is at a standard meteorological condition. If the bullet under consideration will have a ballistic coefficient of 0.5, the bullet will drop from 3000fps to 2904 fps in a distance of 50 yards (Kieser and Taylor, 2013). This distance is calculated in this manner,100 yards multiply by 0.5= 50 yards. From these calculations, we can denote that when the ballistic coefficient of a bullet is big, the weight and shape of the bullet have a lesser drag. The bullet will also lose i ts velocity in a slower manner, and the rate of its deflection by the wind is minimal. This calculation will mostly affect artilleries made in the standard shapes of the 1800s, in which the Gavre commission established the bullets ballistic coefficient (Warlow, 2012). However, in the current century, manufactures have different shapes of a projectile which also have a different G1standard.On this basis, different G I standards, and Ballistic coefficients work over a limited number of velocities. On this basis therefore, modern bullets have a specified ballistic coefficient, over a given and different velocity range. This is because the shapes

Qualitative and Quantative Research Method Essay Example for Free

Qualitative and Quantative Research Method Essay Globalisation in business is a historical process, the term â€Å"Globalisation† begun to use more commonly in 1980s, which happened due to of innovations and the research which has been done from a long time on improving the communication and technology. Just because of the fastest communication today more or less every business is dealing their customers using technology and having the communication with them using modern devices. Here in my assignment i will discuss about the globalization and what are the reason for the growth of globalization?. I will also discuss about the process of globalization and its effect in the market.In my case study i will take the Siemens AG company. Siemens AG is a global electrical and electronics business with a turnover of  £53 billion. The business employs over 450,000 people. Siemens is multi-national. It operates across 190 separate nation states. Executives in Germany and across the world must make decisions in the best interests of Siemens shareholders. Most multinationals have many capabilities. They must make decisions about where their separate activities should be. For Siemens it is not efficient to design and manufacture all products in all countries. It is more efficient to concentrate manufacturing to keep economies of scale through specialization. Products can be shipped anywhere within the group. Globalisation: According to modelski et al,(2007) â€Å"globalization† as (the process of) â€Å"emergence of institution of planetary scope† As readied by Isard (2005) in globalization and international financial system. Imagine the world twenty years ago when there were no personal computers, no laptops, no mobile phones the communication was very slow and because of not having the internet facility there was a limited communication not for the people within the country but internationally as well, as we do emails today which takes only few seconds to reach the recipient there was no concept like that and the messages sending and receiving was dependent on days and weeks, this all is changed now just because of globalisation. According to J.Ali (2000) â€Å"Firms across the world have recognized that globalization is a reality that creates unlimited opportunities while intensifying competitors and threats† Globalisation is the integration between the markets, nations, states and technologies it is the way which enables the individuals, corporations, organisations, nations and states to reach the world easier, cheaper, faster and safer than ever before, it affects everyone like the internet has enabled everyone to connect to each other at any time and to learn the aspects of any culture in the world, now the trade is much easier and is diversified, the ideas are being shared among all people of earth the cultures are being refined the globalisation is conquering markets and capturing hearts. There are a lots of organisations which are selling their products throughout the whole world the picture of international trade has been totally changed. Reasons for the growth of globalisation: As the communication barriers have been removed the need of international trade exposed, the company’s thought to expand their businesses for these reasons the globalisation has got the rapid growth. Growth of regional economic or trading blocs such as EU, NAFTA (north American free trade agreement) APEC(Asia pacific economic cooperation forum) has contributed in making the globalisation happen and to promote the trade between the counties the allowance of free trade between the members of the blocs countries, this helps the countries to grow together and that is the way of making the economy of different countries better and stronger. By this the countries are included in the same blocs or the member countries help each other country people to maintain their economic stability as well. The development of transport links and networks capable of moving goods, quickly and relatively cheap is also one of the main reasons behind the growth of globalisation, the shipping transportation has improved very much and the product are being shifted to one another countries in bulky amount. The advancement in technology and communication made the possibility of transferring the financial capitals due to which people were attracted to do businesses in other countries as well, the production cost is not same for any product all over the world so many businesses wanted to install their production plants in those countries which are more cheaper which tends the global market again to rise. Other then these every business wants their customers to be satisfied by their product for that purpose the feedback is necessary the feedback is being received by the companies by having the online feedback forms where the suggestions and recommendations are been given by the consumers for the product. The companies are providing the assistance services to their customers by giving them an option to call the assistance team at any time the services are provided through internet or phones, live chat, live calls and live video conferencing. Process of Globalisation and Effects To explain the effects of globalisation and the process we are adding a case study of a multinational company that how the company is handling the issues regarding the customers worldwide. A Siemens case study: Meeting global and local needs A Siemens case study: Meeting global and local needs by times100 As readed by Gills,bThompson (2006) globalization and global history: Multinational companies are the agents of globalisation the access of product from all over the world is a very good gift given by the internet to the companies who wants to have more potential customers. Globalisation has linked the first world countries to the third ones most of the manufacturing setups are in third world countries and this made a very beneficial impact on both as the first world countries are enjoying the cost minimisation by having cheap labour and low production costs and the third world countries are having the employments and jobs by having the plants in their countries on the other side mostly the service sector is being served by the first world countries. As explained by collier, dollar and lank in globalization and environment (2002): Keeping in view that what the customers actually need is the main aim of Siemens for this there is expertise working with Siemens form 150 years which makes the company to stand where it is today. The company has channels in about one hundred and ninety countries and the diversification of different cultures and different languages with different people is being keenly handled by the managers of organisation. As readed on Turchin,p (2003) why states rise and falls: However due to of easy trading throughout the world the outsourcing is happening that puts the positive impact on Siemens as they are producing electronic products so most businesses are using Siemens product because of the reliability and the company is also producing the power distribution and transmission equipments which are very popular with them the power generators are also being produced. The trade barriers has been removed by the governments and people are able to move from one to another country and can easily take their money with them to open business in other countries, Siemens has expanded their business in many countries and are running their businesses in 190 countries which is because of the innovative approach of organisation. Huge amount is spending upon the research and development sector to improve the company’s abilities to serve as good as they can. Technology is improving day by day new inventions are coming up, Siemens is also contributing in the technological sector as well by producing product related to latest technology. In the field of automation and control Siemens is one of the finest service providers for the industrial solution and services as the world has been globalised and innovation is very important for the survival of any company, Siemens has got a very huge success because of the innovative approach the company has adopted the trend of innovation and inventing more than thirty new inventions a day, the company is assumed second strongest power technologies worldwide. Conclusion: Well globalisation has given lots of benefits for mankind people are having much ease to get knowledge and having more opportunities, have the access to explore the whole world but there are few problems which globalisation has created but these can also be removed by using the globalisation itself. Any how the world has become a global village now the trade, communication and transportation is getting easier as the new innovations are being made by the information technology. Information technology played a very important and vital role in making the world as it is today, there are companies which products are so popular that everyone is known to them like the name which is most prominent in making the products related to electronics is â€Å"Sony†. This is company which sell their product to the whole world. The market for a product is now very vast because of globalisation, the products are being delivered to the consumers no matter where they are, marketing is done to the whole world and it is just possible because of the fastest communication and the credit is again going to technology. References: Modelski,Devezas and Thompson. (2007) globalization as evolutionary process modeling global change, Rutledge, USA and Canada ISARD(2005) globalization and international financial system: what’s wrong and what can be done, Cambridge university press,USA Gills,b. and w.r Thompson(eds.)(2006) globalization and global history.london:routledge. J.Ali globalization of business: practice and theory, International business press, NY Collier, dollar and lank.(2002) globalization, growth and poverty, oxford university press, Washington 2002. Turchin,p.(2003) historical dynamics: why states rise and falls,Princeton,NJ:Princeton university press. http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/siemens/meeting-global-and-local-needs/globalisation

Clothing And Female Self Image Cultural Studies Essay

Clothing And Female Self Image Cultural Studies Essay A womans physical appearance, size and shape form part of her body image. Body image is a very important aspect of physical appearance. A woman is intimately linked to her sense of self so much so that her body attitude spills over into self attitude. A large factor in the way we perceive the female body is that of clothing. Through clothing we create an image that grounds the initial impression you form in society. The study also states that a womans physical appearance, size and shape are part of her body image. Body image is an extremely important aspect of physiological and interpersonal development of the person (Farinah 2005:19). Kaiser (1999: 97) states that one fact of human beings is that they have bodies and they are bodies, the body is similar to a vehicle for carrying around ones thoughts, feelings and perceptions. Clothing makes up for a substantial part of a womans self image, and can very easily be misjudged seeing as some clothing has the potential to enhance flaws on ones body. BACKGROUND 1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT Kaiser (1997:97). states that the way females perceive their bodies are related to social, cultural and historical contexts and influenced by gender as well as other aspects. We can alter the appearances of our bodies through diet, exercise and clothing choices (Li M: 2003 pg). How can women change their appearance without drastic interference with their bodies? Research done by the National Textile Centre(1999:2) stated that according to Labat and Delong, female consumers feel personally inadequate when clothing do not fit appropriately, they tend to blame themselves and feel negatively towards their bodies more willingly than the ill-fitted clothing. According to Simmons, Istook and Devarajan (2002:2) despite of standard sizing systems used, they are almost all based on a myth that we as humans all have mathematically proportional bodies that grow in proportional ways. Body Shapes are classified in 5 groups, the Hourglass body shape, Rectangle body shape, Pear body shape and Apple body Shape. According to McCormack () the fashion industry is ignoring the changing shapes of womens bodies. To get the most out of your image, it is good to know what to wear for your specific body type. This allows one to choose more flattering clothing for your figure and avoid clothing that does not enhance the way you look (What to Wear for Your Body Shape LoveToKnow Womens Fashion.mht) The National Textile Centre Annual Report (1999: 3) informs us that clothing is a very important aspect of our body image, the clothes that we wear reflects our character and personality and helps to constitute our image. Grose (2009:8) reveals that, a cultural ideal body image is an idea created by society through relationships, public figures and media. Kaiser (1999: 98) states that clothing may be perceived differently by individuals in relation to body image. For instance a female may buy a large jacket to wear over dresses with the purpose of hiding parts that she sees as flawed. The fashion industry is ignoring the changing of shapes of womens bodies, designers manufacturers insist on making clothes that fit the traditional hourglass figure, when womens shapes are more likely to be top-heavy, rectangular or pear shaped. Helen McCormack. RESEARCH QUESTIONS Whats the historical perspective on womens body shape? What are the factors that influence womens knowledge on their body shapes and choice of clothing? How does clothing and body affect consumers choices about purchasing and wearing? How can women change their appearance without drastic interference with their bodies? Through these questions asked, the researcher will be able to examine SA woman in terms of understanding varied body shape in relation to clothing and its characteristics. OBJECTIVES The research aims to: Identify the historical perspective on womens body shape. Investigate the factors that influence womens knowledge on their body shape and choice of clothing. Discover how clothing and body affect consumers choices about purchasing and wearing. Determine how women can change their appearance without drastic interference with their bodies. This research will establish if SA women have the knowledge on their body types and educate them on how to determine their shape and how to dress accordingly. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1.6.1 RESEARCH DESIGN The quantitative research methodology will be used. Quantitative research is the systematic scientific investigation of quantitative quantities and phenomena and their relationships. The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical methods, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to natural phenomena. The process of measurement is central to quantitative research because it provides the fundamental connection between observation and mathematical expression of quantitative relationships. (www.Wikipedia.com ) A quantitative research method is chosen for the reason that the study requires more statistical answers than personal experiences. The study tends to find out if SA woman understand varied body shapes, their own shape and other related enquires. Through a quantitative study the researcher can determine the quantity of women that is in need of advice and knowledge on the mattered subject. 1.6.2 POPULATTION AND SAMPLING The population for the research will focus on South African Females from Pretoria. The researcher will select three groups of individual women with different body shapes, ethnicity and fashion style. This sample will be divided into three groups as follows: Group one: aged between 18 25, students from TUT Arts campus and The University of Pretoria. Group two: aged between 25-40, women in a working environment office? Group three: aged between 41-50 women in a working environment or retired? By creating a sample group that consists of female candidates no more than fifteen. Sampling? These groups were chosen as it is imperative stages in a womans career and life as she starts studying at 18, her career takes flight at 25 and she looks into retirement at age 50. 1.6.3 DATA COLLECTION These three groups will be asked several questions in connection with the research questions previously mentioned. This process will occur by the use of answering questionnaires as research instrument. These questionnaires will consists of a list of questions that enquires information on ideal body shapes personal body complexions, clothing in terms of body image and knowledge of clothing sought. Structured questions will be used on the target group to compile a diversity of answers. The questions will be coded and analyzed. 1.6.4 DATA ANALYSIS Firstly classify academic information, then arrange the data and lastly describe information. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_research, 2006) LIMITATIONS AND DELIMITATIONS Only South African woman living in (suburb) and city can partake in the study. No males can take part. South Africa is multi-cultural. This factor will be ignored. Culture has an impact on womens lifestyle, spending habits and fashion. Although religion has a impact on fashion, but for the researcher chose to ignore it in this study. Culture (race) also has an impact on fashion but it will also be ignored in this study. Womans income will have an impact on the amount they spend on clothing. This will have an impact on the study. Age. Womans age will be considered in this study; because it has an impact on the way they dress and where they buy clothing as well as the amount spend monthly. Location. Women that stay inner city dress differently from women that stays in a small town or on a farm. Interests. Women with an interest in fashion will spend more on clothing than those women that has other priorities. Career. The environment women work in has a deciding factor to the way they dress. Business women will dress differently from a house wife or a cleaner. 1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Women complain about not looking at their best for the reason that clothes do not fit correctly or enhances flaws. Not all women were born with the ideal body shape or have the time or patience to achieve it. As the researcher my aim and objective is to alert women of the illusions that can be created with clothing to make believe that one has the ideal body shape and that through clothing flaws can be minimized instead of enhanced with the correct knowledge of body analysis and characteristics. In the previous chapter, the introduction and background was discussed. In chapter two the literature review will be discussed, 2.1 Literature Study 2.1.1 Introduction The human race is relentlessly yearning for modifications, from facelifts to haircuts, to slimming pantyhose to liposuction. Everybody seeks improvement for what they are. At one time or another, is there one part of the body that has not, been improved through artifice?(Gross Stone,1994:23 What size should I be?(Farinah 2005:1) A common individual question asked. A persons self image is frequently developed from what people say about her. De Villiers researched, that 60% of the value judgement is completed within the first 60 seconds. You almost never obtain a second option to create a first impression (Farinah 2009:16). Farinah(2009:19) mentioned that body image is a extremely significant aspect of psychological and interpersonal growth of the person, numerous women believe the more attractive they are, the more society will accept them. Throughout history societies have focused on beauty and body shape (Grose 2009:3). Several ancient cultures embellished body parts weve long ignored; Gross and Stone refers to aristocratic Egyptian woman, who would delineate, with a bright blue plant dye, the veins on their breast. Beauty is truth, truth beauty (Keats as quoted by Gross and Stone2009:23), nevertheless, a great deal of what creates physical beauty in civilization engages bending the truth modestly. 2.1.2 Historic Perspective According to Ensler (2006: 14) women are since the beginning of time obsessed about how they look. As a consequence there are historical disparities in the ideal body, (Kaiser 1997: 110) and the shape and size of the mentioned body has been varying for decades (National textile annual report1999: 2).Kaiser explains that during the fifteenth-century European women attempted a pregnant like facade, seeing that fertility was of social importance, subsequent to the plague that desolated Europe. The Arnolfi Wedding 1434, Jan van Eyck. The fruitful image was attained by the use of stuffing e.g. a pillow underneath a very full gown, to creating the appearance of a rounded stomach (Kaiser; 1997: 110). It is noted in the National textile report (1999:2) that women in the eighteenth century were traditionally pear shaped. Throughout the early nineteenth century, women in art and fashion were portrayed with tapered arms and drawn waists (Kaiser 1997: 110). In addition the American paradigm for the female body had progressed from a rectangular shape, to a bell form, to an hourglass figure in the late nineteenth century( National textile report 1999:2).From the twentieth century the ideal female body became rectangular and very slender national textile report (1999:2) The 1920s depicted the boy like figure as an ideal and in order to achieve this look, a teddy was worn underneath sheath like dresses to flatten the breasts (Kaiser 1997:115). Whilst the 1920s fashions reduced the maternal bosom, by the 1950s voluptuous and curvaceous bodies were desired and achieved by the invention of the padded bra (Kaiser 1997:115). The hourglass shape revisited as ideal and was exemplify by Marilyn Monroe, (National textile REPORT 1999:2). At the end of the sixties era, the ideal became a very slim body. (Kaiser 1997:115). The thin is in concept appears to have triumphed since the sixties; but it did not suffice just to accommodate a thin body. In the eighties a new ideal came to light when muscle toned bodies highlighted a thin physique. The nineties conveyed a thin waif like appearance and the latter of the nineties portrayed an ideal figure as slim with body tone. (Nati onal textile 1999:2). 2.1.2.1 The Corseted Women 1880s-1909 Throughout 2.1.3Factors influencing womens knowledge on body Seeing that the body ideal revolutionize over time, civilization changes how it is evaluating its individual image to the developing media representations of perfection (Grose, 2009:9).The National Textile Report (1999:3) researched that Labat and DeLong (1990) established that external factors that has affect on fit consists of societal messages concerning the ideal body, the fashion industrys portrayal of an idealized figure and industry sizing systems. On a more intimate level, individuals employ their bodies as an indicator for self assessment. Bodies recline at the core of many social and political brawls (Kaiser 1997:98). Frustration with fit can also be attributed to numerous of issues that have changed the average body types: watching ones weight, exercising and performance, inconsistent growth rates in alternative sections, dormant daily life and modifications in principles of masculinity and femininity.(Simmons, Istook and Devarajan 2004: 3) A study done by Grose indicates that research has been done in social and cultural aspects that add to the structure of an ideal body image. A lot of these researchers concur that western society prefers a thin body image. Mass media then corresponds this image. The thin ideal body image is found in beauty and fashion magazines, television programming and Internet sites. (Grose, 2009:3) It is unlikely to browse through a magazine without being infiltrated by images of the ideal body type (Grose, 2009: 3) Female Magazines are generally entirely dominated by pictures of faultless idealised bodies (Blood, 65). Rarely it is found that real bodies i.e. non model and/or non-made-up bodies are flaunted in these magazines, apart from makeover articles, which usually indicates exactly how products is the solution to difficulties females have with flawed body parts. (Blood, 65) An ideal body type in cultures is said to be propagated by the media, through displays of thin models and celebrities in photos and script on ways to acquire the perfect look.(Grose 2009: 8) . The most popular subject on television, in female magazines and advertising, is beauty. Research that has been done in this category, propose that from 400 to 600 to more than 3000 advertisements is seen per day. This also implies that at least 56 percent of commercials focused on women, articulate about beauty. Magazine readers are offered with tips from major fashion and womens magazines on how to look great by swimsuit season, how to get tighter thighs in one week, how to use makeup to camouflage wrinkles and how to look like a favourite star. (Lagnado as said by grose, 2004:3) New types of media surface in todays constantly changing technological world, discovering the latest techniques on to convoy messages of the thin ideal body image. (Grose 2009:4) Investigations imply an optimistic relationship between media utilization and the intensity of body image approval. (Grose, 2009:4) girls are urged to analyse their appearance in order to turn into a revelation of true femininity, by fashion and beauty magazines (Grose, 2009:6). Another way body image is calculated is the approach a person measures themselves to her peers and by the steps Body image is also calculated by the way a person compares herself to others and by the steps taken to manipulate ones body to achieve a standard set forth by a force in society, such as eating and exercise habits. (Grose 2009:8, 9) An accepted social ideal body image is an initiative fashioned through media, community people and relationships, by society. Nevertheless, a subjects own body image is instituted internally. (Grose 2009:9) Body image is not only the manner in which we are prejudiced by the constructive and unconstructive criticism of others but also the way we ourselves have professed our own bodies to fit or not fit the cultural ideal(Farinah2005:2). It is also calculated by the steps taken to engineer ones body to attain a paradigm set forth by vigour in society, such as eating and exercise behaviour, and the way an individual matches herself to others. (Grose 2009:8, 9) The theory on social comparison deliberates that individuals ascertain their individuality and body image through constructing judgment between themselves and others.(Grose 2009:12). The looks of other people is deflect through womens recollections of exacting occasions and their fictional projections of how others may see them. (Woodward 2007:3) Our self image symbolizes a very important constituent of the physical self and influences our judgments about ourselves. (Kaiser 1997:98) Many consumers, predominantly female, consider themselves somewhat personally insufficient when clothes do not fit appropriately, as a consequence of sizing discrepancy.(national textile report 1999:2) Rather than blaming poorly fitted clothing consumers guilt themselves and have unenthusiastic feelings toward their own bodies (Labat and Delong 1990) (national textile report,1999:2) A familiar subject in print media is that body image is intimately associated to self admiration, psychological wellbeing, eating behaviour and exercise routines; it is both illustrated in photographs or as displayed measure in articles. (Grose 2009:8) When gazing in the mirror it is an alliance of the personal and the generic, as women judge their own clothed bodies in light of wider social principles and expectations.(Woodward 2007:83). One of the most familiar medical disorders amongst females is weight fixation, the problem commences from a divergence between the cultural supreme and the actuality of being a woman (Kaiser 1997:124). stages of body discontent are calculated in studies interested about the result of the media on body image, while overestimation of body image is more closely related to studies primarily dealing with eating disorders. (Holmstrom 2004) (9)

Comparing Conrads The Secret Sharer and Heart of Darkness :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Similarities in Conrad's The Secret Sharer and Heart of Darkness Joseph Conrad's books, The Secret Sharer and Heart of Darkness, both deal with each of our "dark selves". These books also have similarities which are overwhelming. In describing the true inner self of humans, Conrad used many symbols which have become apparent in many of his novels. Conrad uses the same or very similar objects in many of his works. Joseph Conrad wrote Heart of Darkness in 1899 to recount his voyages in the Congo. Conrad hid most of his meaning in his words using a form of writing known as "stream of consciousness". This made it difficult for people to find the true meaning of his work. After about ten years, Conrad realized that he would have to get his point across in an easier to understand book. This book was The Secret Sharer. Both of these books include the hero wanting to meet or developing a fascination for a truly evil character. In Heart of Darkness, Marlow is very eager to meet Kurtz. Marlow is so eager, in fact, that he eventually starts to panic when he thinks he will never meet him. Marlow realizes that Kurtz is a very evil person, but this does not stop him from wanting to meet this incredibly remarkable person. In The Secret Sharer the Captain saves a murderer from almost certain death without knowing what the man has done. Later, The Captain has a discussion with the man and finds out his name is Leggatt. Leggatt tells his story and the Captain becomes more enthralled with Leggatt ever so more. When Leggatt tells the Captain he has committed a murder, the Captain does not throw him overboard. Instead, the Captain harbors this criminal because he feels a connection with Leggatt that he has never felt before. In both stories the hero identifies with his evil counterpart to the point that they actually become one in their own minds. Conrad wanted to show the evil that exists within all of us. The bulk of Conrad's stories deal with sea voyages because of his extensive sailing as a young man. The ship in his writing can be thought of as symbolizing the journey through life, a vessel of sorts.

Ancient Egyptian Religious Architecture :: Ancient Egypt Egyptian History

Ancient Egyptian Religious Architecture One of the greatest cultural achievements of Ancient Egypt was undoubtedly in their architecture associated with religion. "Temples, tombs and pyramids - all have witnessed this earth for thousands of years. What better than to say that these architectural achievements show us that Egypt's greatest virtue lay in its architecture" (Fumeaux:11, 1964) When one travels to Egypt, what does he/she see - pyramid after temple after tomb, each standing the test of time. One stands out - they are all associated with religious beliefs, they all have stood unmoving for thousands of years, and they all involve mechanical genius- the moving of colossal stones without the use of the wheel. The finest example such mechanics is shown in the construction of the revered pyramid. These three factors, all belonging to the religious architecture of ancient Egypt, do nothing else but prove its greatness. Egypt's grand architectural design was a result of the religious values and beliefs that were in place at the time. Thousands of years ago, 'Ancient Egypt accepted the challenge of reeds and swamps, hot sands and floods, and build the 'first' nation' (Romer:75, 1982). There were few things to impress themselves upon the Egyptian mind; their psychological impact however was immense. There was the Nile itself, source of all life, there was the mysterious regularity of the Sun, Moon and stars; there was fertility and death. It was out of fear and mystery of these things that "...the Egyptians made their complex heirachy of Gods, and their strange religion. In the service of that religion they made their architecture" (Romer: 75,1982). Thus, the art and architecture of Ancient Egypt stemmed directly from their religion. Egyptian theology, with its deified pharaohs and strange animal-headed gods, was complicated, but the most important belief was that survival after death depended upon the preservation of the body. This belief would influence the architectural design of the tomb, where the corpse was ultimately sealed (Silverman:142, 1997). Immortality was only for privileged royal and priestly beings (Stierlin:54, 1983).This implies that their tombs would be somewhat prestigious and not just and ordinary burial site. At the day of resurrection the Ka or soul would re-enter the dead body; this meant that it must be there, intact, ready for that moment. It followed logically, that 'once the corpse was embalmed or mummified, it must be preserved in an impregnable tomb.

The Aging Process in Katherine Mansfields Miss Brill Essay -- Miss Bri

Katherine Mansfield's "Miss Brill" perfectly captures the phases one's mind goes through when faced with becoming old. Elderly people tend to be nostalgic, even sentimental about their youth. In later years, the nostalgia can develop into senility or fantasy. The ermine fur in "Miss Brill" is the catalyst of her nostalgia and symbolizes the passing of time in three stages: an expectant youth, a vital adulthood, and finally, a development into old age and fantasy. The story opens with Miss Brill's excitement that the "season" has arrived for social engagements; perhaps it is the tourist season when the ladies debut their latest fashions. With all the expectancy of a young girl looking forward to courtship, Miss Brill unpacks her prized and most fashionable possession, the ermine fur. While unpacking the fur, the reader is aware that Miss Brill is lapsing into elderly nostalgia because she speaks to the fur in such delighted tones. Miss Brill refers to her ermine fur as her "Little Rogue"(182). We learn that the ermine fur is fragile and in disrepair; we sense that Miss Brill is, to...

Slip of the Tongue in Singing English Songs: a Psycholinguistic Analysis

INTRODUCTION Since slip of the tongue is the naturals condition that everyone find during his communication experience, people finally give many definition toward this phenomenon. In Cambridge Advaced Learner’s Dictionary slip of the tongue define as a condition when someone says something that they did not intend to say which is means the slip of the tongue is not intentional and it can not represent the true feelings of a person. On the other hand the opposite definition coming out from Sigmund Freud which is explain slip of the tongue as a meaningful and interpreted utterances.The utterances coming out as the representation of the restrained or repressed intention of the speaker. Both definitions have their own strength and approval but here, the concern of the research just limited on the reason or factors that cause slip of the tongue and the relation between rhythm/music genre to human ability in producing words under psycholinguistics analysis perspective. One condition that everybody have to understand is the research take a special condition. If slip of the tongue usually happen in normal conversation in this case slip of the tongue will observed in the sing activities.The reason for this condition is related to the concern of the research which will find the relation between rhythm/ musik genre to human ability in producing words. So, the researcher find five different songs in different genre to be analyzed and in collecting data, observational method and recorcing technique used while in analyzing the data researcher used articulatory identity method and presenting the result using informal and formal method. METHODS The data taken from five english songs which is sing by adult and the object that researcher need to find is the slips of the tongue by adult in singing those songs.In order to find the object of the research firstly the researcher have to find the songs that included into the criteria that explained in the background of the rese arch. In this case, the researcher have to make a questionnaire to collect some information about the genre and the popular singer and songs that known by the participant. Then after collecting those information the researcher have to decide five songs that included into the chategories by collecting the most similar answer by the participants. After collecting five songs as the tools of the bservation,the researcher need to record the songs that is sing by the participants so, if we relate it to Sudaryanto’s book (1988) the method used by researcher in collecting the data is observation and the technique used is recording. Nevertheless in devining the tools of the data researcher need to use questionnaire as the technique. This research included into descriptive qualitative research because the data were collected in the form of utterances that produce by the second singer (adult) and the representation of the research is in the form of words.Due to this research purpose are to find the kinds and factors of slip of the tongue that cause slip of the tongue by adult as the second singer while singing a song so, the reseacher will use descriptive research because it designed to obtained information concerning the current status of the phenomenon and directed toward determind the nature of the situation as it exists at the time of the research in the label of qualitative methode (Ary 1972:259) Differ from quantitative research, this research will concern on the complex and larger concentration.The researcher of qualitative research have to give a meaning for the phenomenon holisticaly and need to play arole in the whole process (Sudarwan, 2002). The research it self will approve the phenomenon with the perspective of the researcher so, there should be a methode used to analyze the data taken. Lately many expert use triangulation method to analyze the data. This methode is a study aplication that used multimethodic for analyze the similar phenomenon, (Denzi n,1989 in Sudarwan, 2002).According to Denzin and Kimchi there are five types of triangulation : theoretical triangulation, triangulation data, metodological triangulation,investigator triangulation and triangulation analysis (Sudarwan,2002:38). Then this research will focus only theoretical triangulation which is means that the researcher will combine some theory from the different aspects of linguistics such as psycholinguistics, phonology, morphology and syntactic perspective to analyzing the data.After analyzing the data, researcher present the result of analysis by using the informal and formal method. Informal method is a way of presenting the findings by using a verbal statement (natural laguage) while a formal method is a way of presenting the analysis by using signs and symbols (artificial language). THEORY In linguistics, language production is the production of spoken or written language. It describes all of the stages between a concept and translating the concept into li nguistic form. Levelt, 1989) As Fromkin and Ratner (1998) argued when we produced an utterance there is a correspondence between our thought and wishes which convey the message but when the storage space of the brain is finite we may never produce a number of the infinete sentence. From those explanation we know that we must construct sentences from smaller parts or units before we are able to say them. The main issues then concern on the processes by which units come to be selected and then combined in a particular order. (Gleason and Ratner 1998) The production of spoken language involves three major levels of processing.The first is conceptualization. The speaker must decide the message to be conveyed. It is also called the preverbal message or the message level of representation. This stage is often represented by a thought bubble. It means that this level connects the intention to speak and the concepts to be verbally expressed. (Levelt 1989) On the other hand, Jaeger (2005:8) proposed this stage which also includes not only general and specific world knowledge but also the speakers’ knowledge about the linguistics pragmatic conventions of their speech community.Therefore speakers must take account of what they called the â€Å"common ground†. The common ground between two people consists of their mutual beliefs, expectations, and knowledge. If someone overhears a conversation between two friends, it can be very hard to follow, because s/he has a lack common ground. The second level is formulation. Levelt (1989) stated that the speaker must convert their message into a linguistic form. The process of formulation is the creation of the linguistics form of the idea meant to be expressed.This process also known as the processes of grammatical encoding, starting from lexical component selection which is activate the message and it includes semantic and syntactic properties. (Jaeger, 2005:8) Then, the last is articulation / execution. The speaker have to make a plan of the motor movements to convey the message. It also involves detailed phonetic and articulatory planning (Levelt, 1989). Errors in Articulator Program According to Clark and Clark (1977), there are types of errors occur with a number of different linguistics units.In some cases, a single phoneme is added,deleted, or moved, but at other times, it may be sequence of phonemes, morphemic,affixes and root, whole words, or even phrases. As general rule, errors tend to occur at only one linguistics level per utterance. That is, when a person clearly says the wrong word, as in substitutions, the syntactic structure of the sentence, prosodicstructure, and phonological structure remain intact. According to Fromkin and Ratner (1998) such errors in production is called speech error. It regularly occurs in normal conversation. A speech error is a pattern that differs from some standard pattern.Speech errors are common among children who have yet to refine their speech, and can frequently continue into adulthood. They sometimes lead to embarrassment and betrayal the speaker's regional or ethnic origins. However, it is also common for them to enter the popular culture as a kind of linguistic â€Å"flavoring†. There are nine types of speech error: silent pauses, Filled pauses, repeats, false starts (unretraced), False starts (retraced), Interjections, Stutters, Slips of the tongue. Later on this research will not discuss all of the kind of the speech error but just focus on slip of the tongue.According to Fromkin (in Clark, 1977) slips of the tongue have occurred when the speaker’s utterance differs in some way from the intended utterance. Jaeger (2005) defined slips of the tongue as one-time error in speech production planning; that is the speakers intends to utters a certain word, phrase, or sentence but in the middle of planning process the utterances came out of the mouth differ from the intended words which want to say. Freud argued t hat slip of the tongue is in which a mistake in speech reveals something of the nature of the speaker's unconscious or semi-conscious desires.He proposes that when somebody misspeak, it is an accidental expression of thoughts or feelings. Freud would argue that slips of the tongue were never accidents, that they always revealed some underlying unconscious or repressed need to impulse. In Freud’s mind, this verbal slip could not have been accidental or based on any explanation other than the indispensable condition of suppression he had proposed. Furthermore, this suppression of intent or impulse which they made in the cornerstone of all slips of the tongue could operate at three different levels.On one level, the suppression could be conscious and deliberate on another suppression, it can be identified afterward by the person who made the slips but was not intended beforehand, and at the deepest level the person absolutely denies the suppression. For Freudians, it really does not matter what level the person made a slip of the tongue is operating at. For them in all cases, the slip is the results of the conflict between two forces-the underlying unacceptable need and the tendency to keep it hidden. According to Dell (as cited in Paulisse, 1999), slips of the tongue unintended,nonhabitual deviations from a speech plan.Slips of the tongue happened in three levels Those are in sound errors, morpheme errors, and word errors. Sound errors are accidental interchanges of sounds between words such as â€Å"snow flurries† might become â€Å"flow snurries†. Morpheme errors are accidental interchanges of morphemes between words. For example â€Å"self-destruct instruction† might become â€Å"selfinstruct destruction†. Word errors are accidental transpositions of words. For example: â€Å"Writing a letter to my mother† might become â€Å"Writing a mother to my letter†. Major types of slips of the tongue according to Carol: . Shift In Shift one speech segment dissapears from it appropriate location and appears somewhere else. Example : That’s so she’ll be ready in case she decide to hits it (decides tohit it); get its (gets it); 2. Exchange In effect,double shift, in which two linguistic units exchange. Example : Fancy getting your model renosed (getting your nose remodeled); writing a mother to my letter (writing a letter to my mother); slicely thinned (thinly sliced); 3. Anticipation occur when a later segment takes the place of an earlier one. Example : Bake my bike (take my bike); eading list (reading list) sky is in the sky (sun is in the sky); 4. Perseveration Occur when a earlier segment replaces a later item. For instance He pulled a pantrum (tantrum); beef needle (beef noodle); 5. Addition A unit is added for example : I didn’t explain this clarefully enough (carefully enough); to strained it (to strain it); 6. Deletion A unit is deleted. For instance : same sate (same sta te); I’ll just get up and mutter intelligibly (unintelligibly); 7. Substitution A unit is changed into a different unit. Example : At low speeds it’s too light (heavy); 8. BlendBlend occur when two speech units are combined. For instance : That child is looking to be spaddled (spanked/paddled). The thing that we have to considered here is slip of the tounge is a condition where the utterance is not utter correcty based on the idea of the speaker. In this case the proces of producing sounds was broken in the last phase ( articulation phase) where human produce the sound to speaking. So, based on the reality above in analysing the data we have to combining some linguistics brances and in this case the are psycholinguistic, phonology and morphology and also syntax. ANALYSISFrom the explanation above here are some data taken from the participant when they are singing English song. Table 1 TitleIf I Die Young If I Die Young Singer The band PerrySecond Singer (Indonesian) Ge nreRockRock Lyrics The sharp knife of a short life, well I've had, just enough time. (1a) The sharp knife of a short life, well I've have, just enough time. (1b) From the tabel above we can see that : I’ve had I’ve have had have /h? d//h? v/ Both of /d/ and /v/ in the table of phonetic symbols take place as fricatives, flat and voiced. Nevertheless â€Å"d† included as the sound in dental alveolar while â€Å"v† in the labio dental sounds.So, in this case a dental alveolar sound changed by a labio dental sound. Table 2 TitleMake Me StrongMake Me strong SingerSami YusufSecond Singer (Indonesian) GenreNasyidNasyid LyricsMy lord show me right from wrong Give me light make me strong I know the road is long make me strong (2a)My lord show me right from wrong Give me right make me strong I know the road is long make me strong (2b) Based on the data above the change is happen on sentence 2a Give me light replaced by the Give me right in the 2b sentence Give me l ight Give me right light right /lait//rait/Both /l/ and /r/ are voiced liquids sounds in dental alveolar thing that make them differ is the position of producing the sounds /l/ take place in lateral and /r/ in the central. Table 3 TitleMy Heart Will Go OnMy Heart Will Go On SingerCeline DionSecond Singer (Indonesian) GenrePopPop LyricEverynight in my dreams (1) I see you, i feel you That is how I know you go on Far across the distance And spaces between (2) us You have come to show you go on (3a)Everynight in my times (1) I see you, i feel you That is how I know you go on Far across the distance And spaces minween (2) usYou have come to show you go on (3b) from the tabel we get that 3a. 1 becomes 3b. 1 and 3a. 2 changes into 3b. 2 for clearence let we see the explanation below. 3a. 1 Everynight in my dreams Everynight in my times 3b. 1 dreams times / driems/ /taims/ 3a. 2 And spaces between usAnd spaces minween us between minween /bi’twien//minwien/ /b/ is a billabial stop vo iced sound meanwhile /m/ is billabial nasal voiced sound then /t/ is dental alveolar stop voiceless sound and /n/ is dental alveolar nassal voiced sound.Both changes happen in the same place such as /b/ replace by /m/ which are take place in billabial but /b/ is stop but /m/ is nassal then the next /t/ replace by /n/ both are in dental alveolar but /t/ stop voiceless and /n/ nasal voiced. Table 4 TitleLove StoryLove Story SingerTaylor SwiftSecond Singer GenreCountryCountry LyricWe were both young when i first saw you I close my eyes and the flashback starts (1) I’m standing there on a balcony in summer air (2) See the lights, see the party, the ball gowns (3) See you make your way through the crowdAnd say hello Little did i know (4) (4a)We were both young when i first saw you I close my eyes and the Flash starts (1) I’m standing there on a Galcony in summer air (2) See the lights, see the party, the ball gains (3) See you make your way through the crowd And say hello L ittle i know (4) (4b) In this song the researcher find 4 changes toward the song. They are : 4a. 1 replaced by 4b. 1 I close my eyes and the flashback starts I close my eyes and the Flash starts flashback flash /fl? sy’b? k//fl? sy/ 4a. 2 replaced by 4b. 2I’m standing there on a balcony in summer air I’m standing there on a Galcony in summer air balcony galcony /b? lkenie/ /g? lkenie/ /b/ is a billabial stop voiced sound which is replaced by /g/ palatal stop voiced. 4a. 3 replaced by 4b. 3 See the lights, see the party, the ball gowns See the lights, see the party, the ball gains gowns gains /gawns//geins/ 4a. 4 replaced by 4b. 4 Little did i know Little i know After explaning the changes above, now the researcher try to clasified the problems into the kinds of slip of the tongue. 1. Deletion :Deletion is a kind of slip of the tongue where one item are deleted in the data above we find it in the data number 4. (4a. 1 replaced by 4b. 1) â€Å"I close my eyes and the flashback starts become I close my eyes and the Flash starts† Here â€Å"flashback† become†flash† which is means â€Å"back† are deleted The next data is 4a. 4 that replaced by 4b. 4 â€Å"Little did i know become Little i know† . In this sentence ‘did’ are deleted 2. Substitution: I've had, just enough time become I've have, just enough time Everynight in my dreams become Everynight in my timesGive me light make me strong become Give me right make me strong And spaces between us become And spaces minween us I’m standing there on a balcony in summer air become I’m standing there on a Galcony in summer air See the lights, see the party, the ball gowns become See the lights, see the party, the ball gains These six data are included in substitution class because all of them get a consonant error or vowel eror such as 4a. 3 replaced by 4b. 3 â€Å"ow† replaced by â€Å"ai† gowns gains /gawns//geins/ The n other get a phological error such as 4a. 2 replaced by 4b. 2 /b/ replaced by /g/ balcony galcony b? lkenie/ /g? lkenie/ For the replaced of the sounds the pattern are not define yet because each people has their own problem in replacing the sound and it is need more data for defining the pattern of the replacing phonemes. Nevertheless the reason that influence the second singer get slip of the tongue could be analyse based on some theory from the expert. Before executing an utterance we have to make a plan in our brain first. A speaker builds up a general structure for the discourse, form a skeleton for the sentence to be uttered and select words to fit the skeleton constituent by constituent.In speaking, people take already formulated plan and execute them but not all goes well in every speech. In practice, they have fundamental problems. First, they have formulated their plans fully before they begin their execution. For this reason, they often speak fast and start to make varie ty of speech error. Second, in final preparation for execution, they must build an â€Å"articulator program†, a plan in working memory that tells the articulator muscles what to do them (Clark and Clark 1977) Clark also says that the planning takes time and more time on some occasions than others.The more difficult the planning, the more time it should take and the more likely speech itself will be disrupted. Then, when slip of the tongue occurs here are some factors that influence it; 1. Cognitive Difficulty The first factor of planning difficulty is called cognitive difficulty. Taylor in Clark and Clark (1977), conducts a study in which people were asked to produce as quickly as possible a sentence on topic like â€Å"car, animal, pleasure, and dominance† some of these are concrete objects (car and animal) and others are abstract (pleasure and dominance).It took people longer to produce the first word of the sentence from an abstract than from the concrete one. Furt hermore, it took them longer to develop a sentence skeleton for an abstract topic. 2. Situational Anxiety Situational anxiety is the second factor of slips of the tongue. When we talk about topics that we are anxious about, we tend to produce more silent pauses and certain other speech errors. One possibility is that anxiety disturbs the planning and execution processes generally. If speakers become tense, their planning and execution become less efficient.Another possibility is that what the speakers talk about is simply more difficult cognitively when s/he is anxious. It may be very difficult to verbalize the more time planning, groping, for just the right words. Under this alternative anxiety, pauses have the same source as the pauses of any other cognitively difficult talk (Clark and Clark 1977). The same cases also happen when people singing a song. When the song is familiar and interest the singer the process of production the words will easier than the one who does not.Then t he frequency of error will higher in in the singer who does not like the songs. 3. Social Factors The next factor that influences slips of the tongue is the social factors. Under the pressures of conversations, the speaker must take clearly whether they still have something to say or they are finished. On other hand, there are some factors that errors can occur. Those are low self confidence and the environment factor which in this case is family (Wirawan, Seputar Indonesia No. 135/1 Sunday 14th May 2006). Here, the pressure coming out from the music.The music itself has a rhythm which is conducting the repetition of the sounds in the certain pattern or design. Then the next is the tempo of the music which is defines as the time or the speed of the song. Then the last one is the sound of the singer which influences the second singer to duplicate their pronunciations while singing. CONCLUSION Slip of the tongue define as a condition when someone says something that they did not inten d to say which is means the slip of the tongue is not intentional and it cannot represent the true feelings of a person.On the other hand the opposite definition coming out from Sigmund Freud which is explains slip of the tongue as a meaningful and interpreted utterances. The utterances coming out as the representation of the restrained or repressed intention of the speaker. Nevertheless in this research most of slip that occur usually coming out because the second singer feels very familiar with the sound and produce it without paying too much attention or the opposite reason is the song is not familiar so the singer trying very hard to understand the meaning and try to imitate the first singer and the result is s/he get a big pressure while singing.For sure, those reasons are explained in the three factors that influence the occurrence of slip of the tongue: cognitive difficulty, situational anxiety, and the last one is social factors. Then the kind of error/slip of the tongue tha t is occurring mostly are deletion and substitution because the most reason for the slip of the tongue are the pressure and the interest toward the song. REFERENCES Chomsky, N 1975, Reflections of Language, New york: Pantheon books. Clark, H. I. And Clark, E. V. 1977. Psychology an Language.An introduction of Psycholinguistics. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers. Eugene A,Nida. 1963. Morphology:The Descriptive Analysis of Words 2nd ed. Canada: The University of Michigan Press. Fromkin, A. and Ratner, N. 1993. ‘Speech Production’ IN Gleason, J. and Ratner, N. (eds) Psycholinguistics, London: Harcourt Brace Gleason, J. and Ratner, N. 1998. Psycholinguistics, Second Edition London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers. Hamman. 2006. Speech errors found in the speech delivered by the students of BEC (Basic English Course).Unpublished Strata One Thesis, UIN Malang University, Malang, Jawa timur. Jaeger, J. 2005. KIDS' SLIPS: What Young Children's Slips of the Ton gue Reveal About Language Development. Department of Linguistics and Center for Cognitive Science University at Buffalo The State University of New York: Mahwah, NJ. Publication, 1st May 2009 Levelt, W. (1989. ) Speaking: From Intention to Articulation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Pr, 1st May 2009 Shadily,Hasan and John M. Echols. 1975. An English-Indonesian Dictionary. Ithaca ad London : Cornell University Press.

Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability: Computer Simulation

Simple Diffusion 1. The following refer to Activity 1: Simulating Dialysis (Simple Diffusion). Which solute(s) were able to pass through the 20 MWCO membrane? According to your results, which solute had the highest molecular weight? ______________________________________ Which solute displayed the highest rate of diffusion through the 200 MWCO membrane? __________________________ Using the data from Chart 1, explain the relationship between the rate of diffusion and the size of the solute. Facilitated Diffusion 2. The following refer to Activity 2: Simulating Facilitated Diffusion. Did any of the substances travel against their concentration gradient? Explain why or why not. Using your results from Chart 2, what was the fastest rate of facilitated diffusion recorded? _______________. Describe the conditions that were used to achieve this rate. ___________________________________________________________ Name two ways to increase the rate of glucose transport. _____________________________________________________ Did NaCl affect glucose transport? ____________________________________________________________ __________ Did NaCl require a transport protein for diffusion? Why or why not? ___________________________________________ Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability: Computer Simulation E X E R C I S E NAME ____________________________________ LAB TIME/DATE ________________________ version 8 Osmotic Pressure 3. The following refer to Activity 3: Simulating Osmotic Pressure. For NaCl, which MWCO membrane(s) provided for the net movement of water without moveme nt of NaCl? Explain how you determined this. (Hint: Correlate your results to the data in Chart 3. ) ______________________________ For glucose, which MWCO membrane(s) provided for the net movement of glucose without net ovement of water? Explain how you determined this. ____________________________________________________________ ___________ Is osmotic pressure generated if solutes diffuse freely? _______________________________________________________ Explain how the solute concentration affects osmotic pressure. ________________________________________________ Filtration 4. The following refer to Activity 4: Simulating Filtration. Using your results in Chart 4, which MWCO membrane had the greatest filtration rate? ____________________________ Explain the relationship between pore size and filtration rate. ________________________________________________ Which solute did not appear in the filtrate using any of the membranes? _________________________________________ What is your p rediction of the molecular weight of glucose compared to the other solutes in the solution? _______________ What happened when you increased the driving pressure? ____________________________________________________ Explain why fluid flows from the capillaries of the kidneys into the kidney tubules. How do you think a decrease in blood pressure would affect filtration in the kidneys? _____________________________ PEx-18 Review Sheet 5B 5. The following refer to Activity 5: Simulating Active Transport. With 1 mMATP added to the cell interior (left beaker) and the extracellular space (right beaker), was all of the Na moved into the extracellular space? Why or why not? ____________________________________________________________ _ Describe the effect of decreasing the number of sodium-potassium pumps. _______________________________________ Describe how you were able to show that the movement of sodium was due to active transport. ______________________

Cinema History: the Seventh Seal

Ingmar Bergman’s film, Seventh Seal, reflects his views on life in an allegorical fashion. Bergman utilizes the setting of a medieval, plague-ridden landscape to metaphorically investigate the existence of god and meaning of life. The film follows the knight, Antonius, as he returns from the Crusades with his squire, Jons. Bergman uses black and white to enhance the mood. The film’s vivid imagery and powerful score challenge the viewer to interpret the film’s messages and assign them meaning. The film investigates the deepest philosophical questions of humanity. Compared with Akira Kurosawa’s film, Ikiru, the Seventh Seal expresses a darker outlook on the world. Bergman’s cinematic masterpiece remains a relevant work of art in a world that struggles to address the deepest questions of religion and the phenomena of simply being alive. Seventh Seal begins with a shot of the heavens as a powerful orchestrated piece of music plays. A passage from the Book of Revelation is recited, â€Å"And when the Lamb had opened the seventh seal, there was silence in heaven about the space of half an hour,† (Revelation 8:1). Antonius and Jons lie on a beach of pebbles. The land is framed proportional to the sky, juxtaposing the kingdoms of heaven and earth. A chess set sits to the right of Antonius. The camera pans away from him, zooming in on the chess pieces. It symbolically equates Antonius as a piece of the game. A man cloaked in black approaches, revealing himself to be death. He states that he has come for them. Antonius challenges him to a chess match. Death agrees that if Antonius is able to defeat death he shall go free. The game is continued throughout the film. As Antonius and Jons move along their journey, death continuosly lurks as an ominous force. The film constantly makes references to death and uncertainty through the presents of the plague. The sky in the background is often cloudy as though God is absent from the heavens and oblivious to the suffering on earth. In one scene, Jons seeks directions from a man who appears to be sleeping; the man is dead and rotting. Not only is the man unable to provide direction, but there is also no divine direction. The plague represents the absence of God and humanity’s uncertainty when faced with unexplainable destruction. In a scene later in the film, death impersonates a confessional priest. He listens as Antonius speaks about the mystery of god, stating, â€Å"Is it so cruelly inconceivable to grasp God with the senses? Why should he hide himself in a mist of half-spoken promises and unseen miracles? What is going to happen to those of us who want to believe but aren't able to? † Death, who embodies the complete absence of life, remains silent. Bergman depicts mans suffering, metaphorically addressing the inabilities of humanity to comprehend the purpose of both the human self and the divine. The plague challenges faith, as an incomprehensible punishment inflicted for unexplainable reasons. It leaves the populous to deal with the absence of divine direction. This is demonstrated very powerfully throughout the film. Jof and his fellow actors dance and sing on a small village stage. The actors represent innocence and good nature. Abruptly, religious music interrupts the actor’s production. A procession of priests, baring crosses and incense, marches though the village. They sing in unison as shirtless men accompanying them whip themselves and each other. The entire village drops to its knees as the horrifying parade of suffering passes. This demonstrates the absence of God. The religious, unable to comprehend the suffering that is the plague, torture themselves in an attempt to appease God. This phenomenon is continued when Antonius witnesses a young girl tied to a post. She is deprived of water and whimpering in pain. The authorities believe her to be bewitched by the devil and the cause of the plague. The girl is to be burned alive. This event communicates the true horror of humans left to suffering and doubt. The actor Jof and his wife Mia represent natural beauty and good nature. The scenes with them bring a warmth and happiness to the, dark suffering depicted. The lighting is often softer and brighter around Jof and Mia, contrasting them with the bleak atmosphere of the film. Antonius befriends the actors, and they all share a picnic of milk and wild strawberries. The simplicity of this meal is symbolic. It represents the beauty that exists in simplicity itself. Antonius reminisces about his life before the Crusades and his love for the wife he left behind. He expresses his ongoing burden of faith stating, â€Å"Faith is a torment did you know that? It is like loving someone who is out there in the darkness but never appears, no matter how loudly you call. † This statement embodies the questions presented by Bergman throughout Seventh Seal. The Seventh Seal concludes with Antonius knocking over the chess pieces in order to distract death from Jof and Mia. Death claims Antonius and his companions as Jof has a vision of them in the distance doing the dance of death. The viewer is eft with powerful messages concerning the existence of God and meaning of life. Comparing the film with Akira Kurosawa’s Ikiru, it is apparent that both share similar ending themes. The protagonist in each film pursues a selfless action. In Ikiru, Watanabe, the protagonist, abandons the bureaucracy he has been a part of for so long in order to fight to create a local park. The Seventh Seal depicts the game of chess between Antonius and death. Antoni us knocks over the pieces, allowing his friends to escape. Both films protagonists fight for things bigger than themselves. Bergman and Kurosawa explore similar themes, but the Seventh Seal maintains a darker outlook on the world. Bibliography â€Å"Analysis of the Church Scene in Bergman. † Southern Illinois University Edwardsville. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. . Cook, David A. A History of Narrative Film. New York: W. W. Norton, 2004. Print. â€Å"Det Sjunde Inseglet (1957). † The Internet Movie Database (IMDb). Web. 3 Mar. 2010. . Holy Bible: English Standard Version. Wheaton, Ill. : Crossway Bibles, 2001. Print. â€Å"Norman N. Holland, Meeting a Movie: The Seventh Seal. † College of Liberal Arts and Sciences | The University of Florida. Web. 28 Feb. 2010. .

Mass Marketing and Direct Marketing

Mass marketing is the traditional method of selling while direct marketing is a new innovation in marketing and advertising. The former, which is usually employed by large companies, is the more costly method since it targets a broad market while the latter, which is favored by small and medium scale organizations, is relatively cheaper as it is aimed at a specific target market. Mass marketers sell their products with the use of the mass media such as national television, newspapers, radio, and widely circulated journals and magazines. Its use of the mass media makes it a relatively expensive way of marketing because of the cost entailed in attempting to reach a wide audience through a single television spot or issue of a newspaper or magazine. However, advertisers and sellers consider the method somewhat indispensable because the products that they are selling are either attractive to or are believed to be essential to people from all walks of life who are watching television, reading newspapers or magazines, and listening to radio programs. Some of the products which are mass marketed are different brands of bath soap, detergent bars, toothpaste, and face powder. In the 1960s, before the advent of direct marketing, only big advertisers could usually afford to market products using the mass media due to the prohibitive costs involved. For instance, during the 1980s, a national television network charged an â€Å"average cost per thousand viewers† of $16.79 for every spot which lasted for thirty seconds. In other words, if the network reached ten million households, a 30-second spot would cost the advertiser $167,900 (Bianco, Lowry, Berner, Arndt & Grover. 2004). Compared to mass marketing, direct marketing is relatively new. This concept, which involves reaching individual customers through telephone calls, electronic mails, or the postal service, caught fire during the twenty-first century. A survey conducted only in 2006 which covered some 500 direct marketers and service providers worldwide and released January 11, 2007, found out that â€Å"85% of respondents expect their online direct marketing expenditures to increase in 2007† (Direct Marketing News). This system of marketing heavily relies on a customer list created, maintained, and regularly updated for the purpose. Organizations who employ this method claim that their marketing efforts are measurable in terms of responses or feedbacks which they receive from their target customers (Business Link). Evidently, mass marketing, although more expensive compared to direct marketing, could not be dispensed with by marketers who want to sell their products in large quantities to a multitude of consumers. This is because a company who targets millions of people just could not afford to contact them directly and individually. Works Cited Bianco, Anthony, Tom Lowry, Robert Berner, Michael Arndt & Ronald Grover. â€Å"The Vanishing Mass Market.† BusinessWeekOnline. 12 July 2004. 9 July 2007. Business Link. Direct Marketing: the basics. 9 July 2007. Direct Marketing News. â€Å"Alterian finds 85% of marketing and service providers plan to Increase Online spending in 2007.† 9 July 2007. http://www.dmn.ca/Click/articles/vol109/vol109_b.htm   

Eusebius and the History of the Church Term Paper

Eusebius and the History of the Church - Term Paper Example the lines, it is also to Eusebius’ merit that most, if not all of his sources were properly credited, and acknowledged, which is very unusual for historians at that time. One of the most noted and referred books written by Eusebius is Ekklestiastices Historias, or The History of the Church, was originally in Greek, and was translated in numerous languages during the course of history. This paper will focus on the eighth book, which tells about the persecutions of emperors from Diocletian to Maximian, and the tenth book, which is about the reign of Constantine and the tolerance of the Romans to Christians that resulted in the time of peace and tranquility. The eighth book in Eusebius’ Ekklestiastices Historias tells of the rise of the Christian faith, as well as its fall, which he accounts to the events that he himself experienced in his own time.3 Initially, the Roman rulers and officers were very favorable with regards to those of the Christian faith. Aside from lettin g the lesser of the people worship in accord to their own chosen faith, Christians were also able to hold offices, govern and rule, as well as to mingle with the upper ranks of the Roman Empire. Moreover, the clergy and other church leaders were also treated with respect not just by their own people, but also those Romans with noble birth.4 With the arrival of peace and tolerance, however, internal discord starts to brew within the structure of the Christian church itself. Due to the gains the Christians had in freedom, fights among them became common. These fights not only included the worshippers, but also their church leaders as well. Eusebius attributed the succeeding events to Divine intervention, when persecutions to Christians in the government offices and the army started. While initially there was not much thought given about it, as the changes in the governance kept sliding past the Christian groups bit by bit, after several generations the Christians were once again subje ct to the punishments that the early martyrs undertook. The different manners that the Roman Empire tortured its citizens of the Christian faith were described in detail by Eusebius. Among these forms of capital punishments are: death by strangling; beheading; being burned while still alive; bodies thrown into the depths of the sea; even digging up the corpses of some and being thrown in the sea as well, thinking that these bodies might become the subject of worship by those who remain. 5 The destruction of churches and the burning of scriptures during the reign of Diocletian during his reign in 284-305 were also recorded in full detail. As the festival of the Savior’s passion (Easter) approached, aside from the demolition of churches and the eradication of Christian scriptures, those of the Christian faith holding ranks in offices were immediately removed, and those who continue to

Audiometry Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Audiometry - Lab Report Example The conduction testing of the air presents stimuli to both ears but independently using some special earphones. The stimuli is reduced while going from the test ear to the cochlea of the others ear. This is energy loss is known as the interaural attenuation which ranges between 45 – 80 dB. However, stimulation occurs to the cochlea in both ears. As a result, cross hearing is a situation to consider more in the conduction of bone than in the conduction of air (Yoon et.al 469). The mastoid process of the proper ear is used to transmit pure tones by placing vibrator bone over it. The results of the experiment may be determined by the placement of the vibrator as well as the pressure. Technical factors and distortion may cause may limit the output of the audiometer to about 80 dB. The non-test ear should always be eliminated from the procedure whenever the cross hearing is suspected. In order to remove the non-test ear from the procedure in case of any suspected cross hearing, is to mask by delivering noise to the non-test ear (Yoon et.al 469). The loudness of the masking procedure should be able to prevent the tone reaching the non-test ear and stimulating it. This experiment aims at determining the threshold hearing over a variation of frequencies. The experiment may test the bone conduction also known as the vibrator as well as the air conduction or the loudspeaker. But the audiometer can only test the air conduction also known as the loudspeaker. The procedure of performing the experiment was the same for two different partners. The first thing was to check and confirm that the connection of the audiometer and the headphones was not loose. The experiment was conducted in a silent laboratory. My partner put on the headphones while I adjusted the volume of the audiometer over the required frequencies. The hearing threshold was determined for every frequency. The button was used to